A. SUCCESSION - LAVA - Moist climates (mosaic approach)

1

Hawaii

Broad ridge; recent lava flow

2

Hawaii

Smooth lava across road; slow cooling

3

Hawaii

Ropy lava - glassy; slow cooling

4

Hawaii

Rough lava - fast cooling; small plants in crevices

5

Hawaii

Carpet of low plants

6

Hawaii

Scattered plus shrubs and tree seedlings

7

Hawaii

Lava entering sea; forest and algae

B. SUCCESSION - LAVA - Arid climates (mosaic approach)

8

Guatamala

Volcanic cone plus recent lava flow

9

Guatamala

Several flows; different ages and vegetation

10

Guatamala

Rough, slow cooling lava; rapid succession

11

Arizona

Largely bare ground

12

Arizona

Scattered shrubs (arrow-weed)

13

Arizona

Sparse forest

14

Arizona

Forest; mosaic old and new lavas

15

Krakatoa - Graphs

Vascular plants and birds

C. SUCCESSION - Peat Bog - (transect approach)

16

Scotland, Loch Coruish

Glacial polish & grooves

17

Quebec

Bog margin; transect to taiga climax

18

Quebec

Bog margin; transect to taiga; ecology class

19

Quebec

Sphagnum moss at water's edge

20

Quebec

Sphagnum moss

21

Quebec

Sphagnum moss and pitcher plants; no nutrients

22

Quebec

Heath shrubs

23

Quebec

Forest (taiga) [è deciduous maple forest]