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Antarctic papers

Davis, R.W., Polasek, L., Watson, R., Fuson, A., Williams, T.M., and Kanatous, S.B. (2004)  The diving paradox: new insights into the role of the dive response in air-breathing vertebrates.  Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A 138: 263-268. (pdf)

Williams, T.M., Fuiman, L.A., Horning, M., and Davis, R.W. (2004)  The cost of foraging by a marine predator, the Weddell seal Leptonychotes weddellii: pricing by the stroke.  Journal of Experimental Biology 207: 973-982. (pdf)

Davis, R.W., Fuiman, L.A., Williams, T.M., and Horning, M. (2003)  Classification of Weddell seal dives based on three-dimensional movements and video recorded observations.  Marine Ecology Progress Series 264: 109-112. (pdf)

Williams, T.M. (2003) Sunbathing seals of Antarctica. Natural History 112: 50-55.

Fuiman, L.A., Davis, R.W., and Williams, T.M. (2002)  Behavior of midwater fishes under the Antarctic fast ice: observations by a predator.  Marine Biology 140: 815-822. (pdf)

Kanatous, S.B., Davis, R.W., Watson, R., Polasek, L., Williams, T.M., and Mathieu-Costello, O. (2002)  Aerobic capacities in the skeletal muscles of Weddell seals: key to longer dive durations?  Journal of Experimental Biology 205:3601-3608. (pdf)

Davis, R.W., Fuiman, L.A., Williams, T.M., Collier, S.O., Hagey, W.P., Kanatous, S.B., Kohin, S., and Horning, M. (1999)  Hunting behavior of a marine mammal beneath the Antarctic fast ice.  Science 283: 993-996. (pdf)

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Comparative papers

Burns, J.M., Williams, T.M., Secor, S.M., Owen-Smith, N., Bargmann, N.A., and Castellini, M.A. (2006) New insights into the physiology of natural foraging. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 79(2): 242-249. (pdf)

Estes, J.A., Danner, E.M., Doak, D.F., Konar, B., Springer, A.M., Steinberg, P.D., Tinker, M.T., and Williams, T.M. (2004) Complex trophic interactions in kelp forest ecosystems. Bulletin of Marine Science 74(3): 621-638. (pdf)

Williams, T.M., Estes, J.A., Doak, D.F., and Springer, A.M. (2004) Killer appetites: Assessing the role of predators in ecological communities. Ecology 85(12): 3373-3384. (pdf)

Springer, A.M., Estes, J.A., van Vliet, G.B., Williams, T.M., Doak, D.F., Danner, E.M., Forney, K.A., and Pfister, B. (2003)  Sequential megafaunal collapse in the North Pacific Ocean: An ongoing legacy of industrial whaling?  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 100(21): 12223-12228. (pdf)

Noren, S.R., Williams, T.M., Pabst, D.A., McLellan, W.A., and Dearolf, J.L. (2001)  The development of diving in marine endotherms: preparing the skeletal muscles of dolphins, penguins, and seals for activity during submergence.  Journal of Comparative Physiology – B, Biochemical, Systemic, & Environmental Physiology 171: 127-134. (pdf)

Williams, T.M. (2001)  Intermittent swimming by mammals: a strategy for increasing energetic efficiency during diving.  American Zoologist 41: 166-176. (pdf)

Williams, T.M., Haun, J., Davis, R.W., Fuiman, L.A., and Kohin, S. (2001)  A killer appetite: metabolic consequences of carnivory in marine mammals.  Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A 129: 785-796. (pdf)

Williams, T.M., Davis, R.W., Fuiman, L.A., Francis, J., LeBoeuf, B.J., Horning, M., Calambokidis, J., and Croll, D.A. (2000)  Sink or swim: Strategies for cost-efficient diving by marine mammals.  Science 288: 133-136. (pdf)

Williams, T.M. (1999)  The evolution of cost-efficient swimming in marine mammals: Limits to energetic optimization.  Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 354: 193-201. (pdf)

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Dolphins and whales

Noren, S.R., Cuccurullo, V., and Williams, T.M. (2004) The development of diving bradycardia in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). Journal of Comparative Physiology B 174: 139-147. (pdf)

Noren, S.R., Lacave, G., Wells, R.S., and Williams, T.M. (2002)  The development of blood oxygen store in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus): implications for diving capacity.  Journal of Zoology, London 258: 105-113. (pdf)

Noren, S. R., Lacave, G., Wells, R. S., and Williams, T. M. (2000)  Development of blood oxygen stores in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus).  American Zoologist 40(6): 1152.

Noren, S.R. and Williams, T.M. (2000)  Body size and skeletal muscle myoglobin of cetaceans: adaptations for maximizing dive duration.  Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A 126: 181-191. (pdf)

Noren, D.P., Williams, T.M., Berry, P., and Butler, E. (1999)  Thermoregulation during swimming and diving in bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops truncatus.  Journal of Comparative Physiology B 169: 93-99. (pdf)

Skrovan, R.C., Williams, T.M., Berry, P.S., Moore, P.W., and Davis, R.W. (1999)  The diving physiology of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus), II. Biomechanics and changes in buoyancy at depth.  Journal of Experimental Biology 202: 2749-2761. (pdf)

Williams, T.M., Haun, J.E., and Friedl, W.A. (1999)  The diving physiology of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus), I. Balancing the demands of exercise for energy conservation at depth.  Journal of Experimental Biology 202: 2739-2748. (pdf)

Williams, T.M., Noren, D., Berry, P., Estes, J.A., Allison, C., and Kirtland, J. (1999)  The diving physiology of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus), III. Thermoregulation at depth.  Journal of Experimental Biology 202: 2763-2769. (pdf)

Shaffer, S.A., Costa, D.P., Williams, T.M., and Ridgway, S.H. (1997)  Diving and swimming performance of white whales, Delphinapterus leucas: An assessment of plasma lactate and blood gas levels and respiratory rates.  Journal of Experimental Biology 200: 3091-3099. (pdf)

Pabst, D.A., Rommel, A., McLellan, W.A., Williams, T.M., and Rowles, T.K. (1995) Thermoregulation of the intra-abdominal testes of the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) during exercise. Journal of Experimental Biology 198: 221-226. (pdf)

Rommel, S.A., Pabst, D.A., McLellan, W.A., Williams, T.M., and Friedl, W.A. (1994) Temperature regulation of the testes of the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus): evidence from colonic temperatures. Journal of Comparative Physiology B 164: 130-134. (pdf)

Williams, T.M., Friedl, W.A., and Haun, J.E. (1993)  The physiology of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus): Heart rate, metabolic rate and plasma lactate concentration during exercise.  Journal of Experimental Biology 179: 31-46. (pdf)

Williams, T.M., Friedl, W.A., Fong, M.L., Yamada, R., Sedivy, P., and Haun, J.E. (1992) Travel at low energetic cost by swimming and wave-riding bottlenose dolphins. Nature 355: 821-823. (pdf)

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Pinnipeds

Liwanag, H.E.M., Williams, T.M., Costa, D.P., Kanatous, S.B., Davis, R.W., and Boyd, I.L. (2009) The effects of water temperature on the energetic costs of juvenile and adult California sea lions (Zalophus californianus): the importance of skeletal muscle thermogenesis for thermal balance. Journal of Experimental Biology 212: 3977-3984. (pdf)

Williams, T.M., Rutishauser, M., Long, B., Fink, T., Gafney, J., Mostman-Liwanag, H., and Casper, D. (2007) Seasonal variability in otariid energetics: Implications for the effects of predators on localized prey resources. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 80(4): 433-443. (pdf)

Rutishauser, M.R., Costa, D.P., Goebel, M.E., and Williams, T.M. (2004) Ecological implications of body composition and thermal capabilities in young Antarctic fur seals (Arctocephalus gazella). Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 77(4): 669-681. (pdf)

Noren, D.P., Crocker, D.E., Williams, T.M., and Costa, D.P. (2003)  Energy reserve utilization in northern elephant seal (Mirounga angustirostris) pups during the postweaning fast: size does matter.  Journal of Comparative Physiology – B, Biochemical, Systemic, & Environmental Physiology 173: 443-454. (pdf)

Davis, R.W., Fuiman, L.A., Williams, T.M., and Le Boeuf, B.J. (2001)  Three-dimensional movements and swimming activity of a northern elephant seal.  Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A - Molecular and Integrative Physiology 129:759-770. (pdf)

Noren, D. P. and Williams, T. M. (2000)  Effects of environmental regime and body condition on resting metabolic rates in northern elephant seal pups: Does RMR measured in ambient air represent true RMR?  American Zoologist 40(6): 1151-1152.

Kohin, S., Williams, T.M., and Ortiz, C.L. (1999)  Effects of hypoxia and hypercapnia on aerobic metabolic processes in northern elephant seals.  Respiration Physiology 117: 59-72. (pdf)

Boyd, I.L., Woakes, A.J., Butler, P.J., Davis, R.W., and Williams, T.M. (1995) Validation of heart rate and doubly labelled water as measures of metabolic rate during swimming in California sea lions. Functional Ecology 9(2): 151-160. (pdf)

Castellini, M.A., Davis, R.W., Loughlin, T.R., and Williams, T.M. (1993) Blood chemistries and body condition of Steller sea lion pups at Marmot Island, Alaska. Marine Mammal Science 9(2): 202-208.

Davis, R.W., Castellini, M.A., Williams, T.M., and Kooyman, G.L. (1991) Fuel homeostasis in the harbor seal during submerged swimming. Journal of Comparative Physiology B 160: 627-635. (pdf)

Williams, T.M., Kooyman, G.L., and Croll, D.A. (1991)  The effect of submergence on heart rate and oxygen consumption of swimming seals and sea lions.  Journal of Comparative Physiology  – B, Biochemical, Systemic, & Environmental Physiology 160(6): 637-644. (pdf)

Davis, R.W., Williams, T.M., and Kooyman, G.L. (1985) Swimming metabolism of yearling and adult harbor seals Phoca vitulina. Physiological Zoology 58(5): 590-596.

Williams, T.M. and Kooyman, G.L. (1985)  Swimming performance and hydrodynamic characteristics of harbor seals Phoca vitulina.  Physiological Zoology 58(5): 576-589.

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Otters and mink

Yeates, L.C., Williams, T.M., and Fink, T.L. (2007) Diving and foraging energetics of the smallest marine mammal, the sea otter (Enhydra lutris). Journal of Experimental Biology 210: 1960-1970. (pdf)

Williams, T.M., Ben-David, M., Noren, S., Rutishauser, M., McDonald, K., and Heyward, W. (2002)  Running energetics of the North American river otter: do short legs necessarily reduce efficiency on land?  Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A 133: 203-212. (pdf)

Ben-David, M., Williams, T.M., and Ormseth, O.A. (2000)  Effects of oiling on exercise physiology and diving behavior of river otters: a captive study.  Canadian Journal of Zoology 78: 1380-1390. (pdf)

Estes, J.A., Tinker, M.T., Williams, T.M., and Doak, D.F. (1998)  Killer whale predation on sea otters linking oceanic and nearshore ecosystems.  Science 282: 473-476. (pdf)

Williams, T.M. (1989) Swimming by sea otters: adaptations for low energetic cost locomotion. Journal of Comparative Physiology A 164: 815-824. (pdf)

Davis, R.W., Williams, T.M., Thomas, J.A., Kastelein, R.A., and Cronell, L.H. (1988) The effects of oil contamination and cleaning on sea otters (Enhydra lutris). 2. Metabolism, thermoregulation, and behavior. Canadian Journal of Zoology 66(12): 2782-2790.

Williams, T.M., Kastelein, R.A., Davis, R.W., and Thomas, J.A. (1988)  The effects of oil contamination and cleaning in sea otters (Enhydra lutris). 1. Thermoregulatory implications based on pelt studies.  Canadian Journal of  Zoology 66(12): 2776-2781.

Williams, T.M. (1986)  Thermoregulation of the North American mink during rest and activity in the aquatic environment.  Physiological Zoology 59(3): 293-305.

Williams, T.M. (1983)  Locomotion in the North American mink, a semi-aquatic mammal. I. Swimming energetics and body drag.  Journal of Experimental Biology 103: 155-168. (pdf)

Williams, T.M. (1983)  Locomotion in the North American mink, a semi-aquatic mammal. II. The effect of an elongate body on running energetics and gait patterns.  Journal of Experimental Biology 105: 283-295. (pdf)

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Terrestrial mammals

Williams, T.M., Dobson, G.P., Mathieu-Costello, O., Morsbach, D., Worley, M.B., and Phillips, J.A. (1997)  Skeletal muscle histology and biochemistry of an elite sprinter, the African cheetah.  Journal of Comparative Physiology B 167: 527-535. (pdf)

Williams, T.M. (1990)  Heat transfer in elephants: Thermal partitioning based on skin temparature profiles. Journal of Zoology, London 222: 234-245.