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Antarctic papers

Davis, R.W., Polasek, L., Watson, R., Fuson, A., Williams, T.M., and Kanatous, S.B. (2004)  The diving paradox: new insights into the role of the dive response in air-breathing vertebrates.  Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A 138: 263-268. (pdf)

Williams, T.M., Fuiman, L.A., Horning, M., and Davis, R.W. (2004)  The cost of foraging by a marine predator, the Weddell seal Leptonychotes weddellii: pricing by the stroke.  Journal of Experimental Biology 207: 973-982. (pdf)

Davis, R.W., Fuiman, L.A., Williams, T.M., and Horning, M. (2003)  Classification of Weddell seal dives based on three-dimensional movements and video recorded observations.  Marine Ecology Progress Series 264: 109-112. (pdf)

Williams, T.M. (2003) Sunbathing seals of Antarctica. Natural History 112: 50-55.

Fuiman, L.A., Davis, R.W., and Williams, T.M. (2002)  Behavior of midwater fishes under the Antarctic fast ice: observations by a predator.  Marine Biology 140: 815-822. (pdf)

Kanatous, S.B., Davis, R.W., Watson, R., Polasek, L., Williams, T.M., and Mathieu-Costello, O. (2002)  Aerobic capacities in the skeletal muscles of Weddell seals: key to longer dive durations?  Journal of Experimental Biology 205:3601-3608. (pdf)

Davis, R.W., Fuiman, L.A., Williams, T.M., Collier, S.O., Hagey, W.P., Kanatous, S.B., Kohin, S., and Horning, M. (1999)  Hunting behavior of a marine mammal beneath the Antarctic fast ice.  Science 283: 993-996. (pdf)

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Comparative papers

Burns, J.M., Williams, T.M., Secor, S.M., Owen-Smith, N., Bargmann, N.A., and Castellini, M.A. (2006) New insights into the physiology of natural foraging. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 79(2): 242-249. (pdf)

Estes, J.A., Danner, E.M., Doak, D.F., Konar, B., Springer, A.M., Steinberg, P.D., Tinker, M.T., and Williams, T.M. (2004) Complex trophic interactions in kelp forest ecosystems. Bulletin of Marine Science 74(3): 621-638. (pdf)

Williams, T.M., Estes, J.A., Doak, D.F., and Springer, A.M. (2004) Killer appetites: Assessing the role of predators in ecological communities. Ecology 85(12): 3373-3384. (pdf)

Springer, A.M., Estes, J.A., van Vliet, G.B., Williams, T.M., Doak, D.F., Danner, E.M., Forney, K.A., and Pfister, B. (2003)  Sequential megafaunal collapse in the North Pacific Ocean: An ongoing legacy of industrial whaling?  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 100(21): 12223-12228. (pdf)

Noren, S.R., Williams, T.M., Pabst, D.A., McLellan, W.A., and Dearolf, J.L. (2001)  The development of diving in marine endotherms: preparing the skeletal muscles of dolphins, penguins, and seals for activity during submergence.  Journal of Comparative Physiology – B, Biochemical, Systemic, & Environmental Physiology 171: 127-134. (pdf)

Williams, T.M. (2001)  Intermittent swimming by mammals: a strategy for increasing energetic efficiency during diving.  American Zoologist 41: 166-176. (pdf)

Williams, T.M., Haun, J., Davis, R.W., Fuiman, L.A., and Kohin, S. (2001)  A killer appetite: metabolic consequences of carnivory in marine mammals.  Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A 129: 785-796. (pdf)

Williams, T.M., Davis, R.W., Fuiman, L.A., Francis, J., LeBoeuf, B.J., Horning, M., Calambokidis, J., and Croll, D.A. (2000)  Sink or swim: Strategies for cost-efficient diving by marine mammals.  Science 288: 133-136. (pdf)

Williams, T.M. (1999)  The evolution of cost-efficient swimming in marine mammals: Limits to energetic optimization.  Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 354: 193-201. (pdf)

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Dolphins and whales

Noren, S.R., Cuccurullo, V., and Williams, T.M. (2004) The development of diving bradycardia in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). Journal of Comparative Physiology B 174: 139-147. (pdf)

Noren, S.R., Lacave, G., Wells, R.S., and Williams, T.M. (2002)  The development of blood oxygen store in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus): implications for diving capacity.  Journal of Zoology, London 258: 105-113. (pdf)

Noren, S. R., Lacave, G., Wells, R. S., and Williams, T. M. (2000)  Development of blood oxygen stores in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus).  American Zoologist 40(6): 1152.

Noren, S.R. and Williams, T.M. (2000)  Body size and skeletal muscle myoglobin of cetaceans: adaptations for maximizing dive duration.  Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A 126: 181-191. (pdf)

Noren, D.P., Williams, T.M., Berry, P., and Butler, E. (1999)  Thermoregulation during swimming and diving in bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops truncatus.  Journal of Comparative Physiology B 169: 93-99. (pdf)

Skrovan, R.C., Williams, T.M., Berry, P.S., Moore, P.W., and Davis, R.W. (1999)  The diving physiology of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus), II. Biomechanics and changes in buoyancy at depth.  Journal of Experimental Biology 202: 2749-2761. (pdf)

Williams, T.M., Haun, J.E., and Friedl, W.A. (1999)  The diving physiology of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus), I. Balancing the demands of exercise for energy conservation at depth.  Journal of Experimental Biology 202: 2739-2748. (pdf)

Williams, T.M., Noren, D., Berry, P., Estes, J.A., Allison, C., and Kirtland, J. (1999)  The diving physiology of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus), III. Thermoregulation at depth.  Journal of Experimental Biology 202: 2763-2769. (pdf)

Shaffer, S.A., Costa, D.P., Williams, T.M., and Ridgway, S.H. (1997)  Diving and swimming performance of white whales, Delphinapterus leucas: An assessment of plasma lactate and blood gas levels and respiratory rates.  Journal of Experimental Biology 200: 3091-3099. (pdf)

Pabst, D.A., Rommel, A., McLellan, W.A., Williams, T.M., and Rowles, T.K. (1995) Thermoregulation of the intra-abdominal testes of the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) during exercise. Journal of Experimental Biology 198: 221-226. (pdf)

Rommel, S.A., Pabst, D.A., McLellan, W.A., Williams, T.M., and Friedl, W.A. (1994) Temperature regulation of the testes of the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus): evidence from colonic temperatures. Journal of Comparative Physiology B 164: 130-134. (pdf)

Williams, T.M., Friedl, W.A., and Haun, J.E. (1993)  The physiology of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus): Heart rate, metabolic rate and plasma lactate concentration during exercise.  Journal of Experimental Biology 179: 31-46. (pdf)

Williams, T.M., Friedl, W.A., Fong, M.L., Yamada, R., Sedivy, P., and Haun, J.E. (1992) Travel at low energetic cost by swimming and wave-riding bottlenose dolphins. Nature 355: 821-823. (pdf)

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Pinnipeds

Williams, T.M., Rutishauser, M., Long, B., Fink, T., Gafney, J., Mostman-Liwanag, H., and Casper, D. (2007) Seasonal variability in otariid energetics: Implications for the effects of predators on localized prey resources. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 80(4): 433-443. (pdf)

Rutishauser, M.R., Costa, D.P., Goebel, M.E., and Williams, T.M. (2004) Ecological implications of body composition and thermal capabilities in young Antarctic fur seals (Arctocephalus gazella). Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 77(4): 669-681. (pdf)

Noren, D.P., Crocker, D.E., Williams, T.M., and Costa, D.P. (2003)  Energy reserve utilization in northern elephant seal (Mirounga angustirostris) pups during the postweaning fast: size does matter.  Journal of Comparative Physiology – B, Biochemical, Systemic, & Environmental Physiology 173: 443-454. (pdf)

Davis, R.W., Fuiman, L.A., Williams, T.M., and Le Boeuf, B.J. (2001)  Three-dimensional movements and swimming activity of a northern elephant seal.  Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A - Molecular and Integrative Physiology 129:759-770. (pdf)

Noren, D. P. and Williams, T. M. (2000)  Effects of environmental regime and body condition on resting metabolic rates in northern elephant seal pups: Does RMR measured in ambient air represent true RMR?  American Zoologist 40(6): 1151-1152.

Kohin, S., Williams, T.M., and Ortiz, C.L. (1999)  Effects of hypoxia and hypercapnia on aerobic metabolic processes in northern elephant seals.  Respiration Physiology 117: 59-72. (pdf)

Boyd, I.L., Woakes, A.J., Butler, P.J., Davis, R.W., and Williams, T.M. (1995) Validation of heart rate and doubly labelled water as measures of metabolic rate during swimming in California sea lions. Functional Ecology 9(2): 151-160. (pdf)

Castellini, M.A., Davis, R.W., Loughlin, T.R., and Williams, T.M. (1993) Blood chemistries and body condition of Steller sea lion pups at Marmot Island, Alaska. Marine Mammal Science 9(2): 202-208.

Davis, R.W., Castellini, M.A., Williams, T.M., and Kooyman, G.L. (1991) Fuel homeostasis in the harbor seal during submerged swimming. Journal of Comparative Physiology B 160: 627-635. (pdf)

Williams, T.M., Kooyman, G.L., and Croll, D.A. (1991)  The effect of submergence on heart rate and oxygen consumption of swimming seals and sea lions.  Journal of Comparative Physiology  – B, Biochemical, Systemic, & Environmental Physiology 160(6): 637-644. (pdf)

Davis, R.W., Williams, T.M., and Kooyman, G.L. (1985) Swimming metabolism of yearling and adult harbor seals Phoca vitulina. Physiological Zoology 58(5): 590-596.

Williams, T.M. and Kooyman, G.L. (1985)  Swimming performance and hydrodynamic characteristics of harbor seals Phoca vitulina.  Physiological Zoology 58(5): 576-589.

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Otters and mink

Yeates, L.C., Williams, T.M., and Fink, T.L. (2007) Diving and foraging energetics of the smallest marine mammal, the sea otter (Enhydra lutris). Journal of Experimental Biology 210: 1960-1970. (pdf)

Williams, T.M., Ben-David, M., Noren, S., Rutishauser, M., McDonald, K., and Heyward, W. (2002)  Running energetics of the North American river otter: do short legs necessarily reduce efficiency on land?  Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A 133: 203-212. (pdf)

Ben-David, M., Williams, T.M., and Ormseth, O.A. (2000)  Effects of oiling on exercise physiology and diving behavior of river otters: a captive study.  Canadian Journal of Zoology 78: 1380-1390. (pdf)

Estes, J.A., Tinker, M.T., Williams, T.M., and Doak, D.F. (1998)  Killer whale predation on sea otters linking oceanic and nearshore ecosystems.  Science 282: 473-476. (pdf)

Williams, T.M. (1989) Swimming by sea otters: adaptations for low energetic cost locomotion. Journal of Comparative Physiology A 164: 815-824. (pdf)

Davis, R.W., Williams, T.M., Thomas, J.A., Kastelein, R.A., and Cronell, L.H. (1988) The effects of oil contamination and cleaning on sea otters (Enhydra lutris). 2. Metabolism, thermoregulation, and behavior. Canadian Journal of Zoology 66(12): 2782-2790.

Williams, T.M., Kastelein, R.A., Davis, R.W., and Thomas, J.A. (1988)  The effects of oil contamination and cleaning in sea otters (Enhydra lutris). 1. Thermoregulatory implications based on pelt studies.  Canadian Journal of  Zoology 66(12): 2776-2781.

Williams, T.M. (1986)  Thermoregulation of the North American mink during rest and activity in the aquatic environment.  Physiological Zoology 59(3): 293-305.

Williams, T.M. (1983)  Locomotion in the North American mink, a semi-aquatic mammal. I. Swimming energetics and body drag.  Journal of Experimental Biology 103: 155-168. (pdf)

Williams, T.M. (1983)  Locomotion in the North American mink, a semi-aquatic mammal. II. The effect of an elongate body on running energetics and gait patterns.  Journal of Experimental Biology 105: 283-295. (pdf)

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Terrestrial mammals

Williams, T.M., Dobson, G.P., Mathieu-Costello, O., Morsbach, D., Worley, M.B., and Phillips, J.A. (1997)  Skeletal muscle histology and biochemistry of an elite sprinter, the African cheetah.  Journal of Comparative Physiology B 167: 527-535. (pdf)

Williams, T.M. (1990)  Heat transfer in elephants: Thermal partitioning based on skin temparature profiles. Journal of Zoology, London 222: 234-245.