Sullivan Laboratory
The Sullivan Laboratory
Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology
University of California at Santa Cruz
Parthenogenesis, progress

Hymenoptera exhibit a reciprocal pattern of centrosome inheritance. 

We tackled the issue of de novo centrosome formation by examining the origin of the centrosome in unfertilized jewel wasp embryos (Nasonia vitripennis).  This species is a member of the large insect order hymenoptera (ants, wasps, and bees).  Fertilized hymenoptera embryos develop into diploid females while unfertilized embryos develop into haploid males.  By following centrosome, spindle and nuclear behavior in real time during early embryogenesis, we discovered that centrosomes were assembled before the first mitotic division but were inherited differently in unfertilized and fertilized eggs.  In both cases, large numbers of microtubule organicing centers (MTOCs) appeared at the cortex of the egg after completion of meiosis.  In unfertilized eggs, the MTOCs migrated inwards.  Two of them became stably associated with the female pronucleus, and the remaining cytoplasmic asters rapidly disappeared.  These MTOCs appear to be canonical centrosomes because they contain g-tubulin, CP190, and centrioles, and they undergo duplication.  In fertilized eggs, the Nasonia sperm brought in paternally derived centrosomes, similar to Drosophila melanogaster.  At pronuclear fusion, the diploid zygotic nucleus was associated only with paternally derived centrosomes.  None of the cytoplasmic asters associated with the zygotic nucleus and, as in unfertilized eggs, they rapidly degenerated.  Therefore, unfertilized male eggs inherit maternal centrosomes whereas fertilized female eggs inherit paternal centrosomes.  This is the first system described in which centrosomes are reciprocally inherited.  This work is published in Current Biology (Tram and Sullivan 2000).
 
Centrosomes in unfertilized Hymenopteran embryos form from specialized organelles derived from the female oocyte 

Recently we discovered that these maternally derived centrosomes originate from accessory nuclei  (AN), which are specialized organelles derived from the oocyte nuclear envelope in Hymenopteran species.  In the parasitic wasps Nasonia vitripennis and Muscidifurax uniraptor, the position and number of AN in mature oocytes correspond to the position and number of maternal centrosomes in early embryos.  These AN also contain high concentrations of g-tubulin.  In the honeybee, Apis mellifera, distinct g-tubulin foci are present in each AN.  Additionally, the Hymenopteran 
homolog of the Drosophila centrosomal protein Dgrip84 localizes on the outer surfaces of AN. 

Cytoplasmic bodies are accessory nuclei organelles present in Hymenopteran oocytes.
These organelles disintegrate in the late oocyte, leaving behind small g-tubulin foci, which likely seed the formation of maternal centrosomes.  Accessory nuclei, therefore, may have played a significant role in the evolution of haplodiploidy in Hymenopteran insects.  This work is published in Current Biology (Ferree et al. 2006).  These results indicate that Nasonia and hymenoptera may be excellent model systems to study centrosome biogenesis and germline inheritance.

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Last updated: December 2006