G `M5\P5\ @@@ @@@@ Ia/H=D5\@5\ EN DB 5] / ID Kuzin1994y25BwindЙwindٜpwind;windѲ`winde@wind<5wind>Pwindpwind}wind֭pwindwindB`wind0wind;0wind=0wind1ɠwindnwind٢windȐwind٢windVwind;`wind3windӌwind`wind;Jwind:؀wind=wind:`wind%`wind\אwind[`windZ28windTwindS׬windR;ՀwindQ׬windP PwindM:windK;awindJWwindI;DPwindH:windG3@windF?pwindE3 windD?;@windC?1windBwind*;wwind)`wind&swind%ӛwind$pwind#wind"wind!;wind twindҹwindbwind0windb!%#)!* ("+2;.$F3'''''''''''RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR Authors:DJournals EKeywords 8                               u : x Abbott, I. A. Ahn, O.`Alberte, R. S.Albright, L. J. Alie, S. Y.&Alie, Sylvain Y. Amsler, C. D. An, Y. X.Andersen, R. A. Andrew, N. L.Andrews, J. H. Antrim, L. D. Apt, K. E.+& Barta, E. S.Bayliss-Smith, T. P. Beames, R. M.Beasley, T. M.Bienert, R. W.Bisalputra, T. Blanchard, A. Bodkin, J. L. Boland, W.+& Boller, M. L.Borgmann, P. E. Bose, S. Branen, A. L.Brawley, S. H. Bruce, D. Buchal, M.+&Buckley, R. M.Bustamante, R. H. Calvin, N. I. Campbell, A.Campbell, S. E.Carefoot, T. H. Carney, L. T. Carr, M. H.&Carrington, E. Carter, M. C. Casper, B. B.Castilla, J. C. Chenelot, H.Chenelot, HeloiseCheshire, A. C. Chess, J. R. Chia, F. S.&Chiasson, D. M. Chocair, J.& Chopin, T.+& Colbow, K.+& Cole, K. Cole, K. M.&Collins, J. D. Coon, D. Coon, D. A.& Cowan, E. A. Cowen, E. A. Coyer, J. A.Crafford, J. E.Cullinan, V. I. Currie, V.+&Daggett, T. L. Danner, E. M. Dayton, P. K.De Burgh, M. E. Dean, T. A.&Deburgh, M. E.Dejongwestman, M.DeLeeuw, J. W. Denny, M. Denny, M. W.DeWreede, R. E.Dickson, L. G. Dixon, S. C. Donald, K. M.Donaldson, E. M.Donovan, D. A. Doty, D. C.& Dowley, L. J. Druehl, L. D.Duffield, E. C. S.  Duggins, D.&Duggins, D. O.Duggins, David Dumont, C.+& Duncan, M. J.Dunmore, R. A.Ebeling, A. W. Eckman, J. E.Edwards, P. B. Ellis, R. J. Englar, J. R. Englar, R.+& Estes, J. A. Evans, F. Ewing, K.Fankboner, P. V.Fernandez, J. A.Flores-Moya, A.FloresMoya, A. Floyd, G. L.Foreman, R. E. Fork, D. C.& Foster, M. S.Freshwater, W.Garbary, D. J.Garbary, David J.Gardiner, W. W. Gassmann, G. Gaylord, B.&Gaylord, B. P.Gerrodette, T. Gonor, J. J.Gopalakrishnan, S.  Gordon, R.+& Gross, J. A. Haldorson, L.Haldorson, L. J. Hale, B. B.& Hallam, N. D.Harrison, P. J. Harrold, C.& Hawkes, M. W. Hay, C. H.+& Henry, E. C.Herbert, S. K. Hines, A. H. Hobson, E. S.Hollenberg, G. J. Hong, Y. K.&Hubbard, C. B. Hudson, J. B. Hurd, C. L.& Irvine, G. V. Jaenicke, L. James, D. E.Jameson, R. J. Janke, K.Jelinski, D. E. Jewett, S. C.Johnson, A. S.Johnson, L. M.Jolliffe, E. A. T.  Kain, J. M.& Kawashima, S. Keddy, L. Keller, B. D. Kennedy, M.& Kerwin, J. L. Kim, J. H.+& Kim, K. Y.+&Kim, Kwang Young Klinger, A.& Klinger, T.&Klinger, TerrieKoehl, M. A. R. Konar, B. Konar, Brenda Kraemer, G.& Kremer, B. P. Kruss, A. Kuletz, K. J. Kung, M. Kuzin, V. S. Labarbera, M. Lane, C. E.& Langdon, C.&Langdon, C. J. Laur, D. R.& Laval, B. E.  `EAmerican Anthropologist American Journal of BotanyD"American NaturalistAmerican Zoologist,(Annual Review of Ecology and SystematicsAntarctic Science AquacultureBiological BulletinBiological ConservationBotanica Marina0< Bulletin of Marine ScienceDBCalifornia Fish and Game("Canadian Journal of Animal Science <8Canadian Journal of Botany-Revue Canadienne De Botanique82Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences<8Canadian Journal of Zoology-Revue Canadienne De Zoologie84Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology a-PhysiologyCryptogamie AlgologieDrying TechnologyEcological Monographs Ecology$Environmental Biology of FishesR EvolutionFishery Bulletin<Health Physics+0<Helgoland Marine Research$ Helgolander Meeresuntersuchungen82Helgolander Wissenschaftliche Meeresuntersuchungen Hydrobiologia4.Izvestiya Akademii Nauk Seriya Biologicheskaya+$ Japanese Journal of Phycology Journal of Applied PhycologyBJournal of Cell Biology Journal of Chemical EcologyD" Journal of Coastal ResearchBB$Journal of Experimental BiologyR82Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and EcologyJournal of Food ScienceJournal of Marine SystemsJournal of Phycology("Journal of Plant Growth Regulation Journal of Plant PhysiologyBB Journal of Shellfish Research0+Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand,(Journal of the World Aquaculture Society Limnology and OceanographyDBMarine Biology+0<Marine Ecology+0<$Marine Ecology-Progress Series+RMycological Research$New Zealand Journal of Zoology+ROikosOrganic GeochemistryPharmaceutical Biology\VPhilosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciencesϰ Phycologia Phytochemistry+0<Plant Physiology< Plant Physiology (Rockville)B Planta Polar Biology85Proceedings of the American Phytopathological Society Protoplasma Science SyesisTransactions of the Asae Water Air and Soil Pollution"Wilson Bulletin0<<9Zeitschrift Fur Naturforschung C-a Journal of Biosciences  ,  2 red algaero3,6-anhydrogalactose abalone-  absorptionata abundance acceleration@acids actionionactivity patterneadaptive management Agarumia Agarum cribrosumP Alaria alaska+- algaralgaealgal communitymsalgal genus porphyraalgal morphology allocationata allometryAnalipus japonicus annualaciantitropical distribution antivirals+ ANW-Atlanticy apogamy-  aquacultureze archipelagoplaristotle lantern assemblagesia atlantictatlantic salmonib Austrocochlea bangiales barocliniconsbedsr behaviorebenthic organisms benthic suspension feedersbiass biasesent bioassayibiochemical-composition biodiversityo bioerosion+ biogeographysbiological-activitiesbiomacromoleculesbiomechanical properties biomechanics blacklip  blue-lightetr body size British Columbia coastal areabritish-columbiar brown algaepo brown-algae-p buoyancyg C/N ratio californiaaeocaloric contentnp canadatio canopyatu capillary gas-chromatography capitatae capitella carbonett carbon budget carotenoidsna cecidomyiidae cell-wallsin-central California  central chile chemicaltchemical compositionchemical defenseschemical-structurevorchlamydomonas-eugametosipchlamydomonas-reinhardtii chlorophyllsn chlorophyta@chloroplast dna chloroplastsn choicedtiChondrus crispusPchondrus-crispus- chromosomes@ cinnamomiclays co-culture@coastcoastal currenttkcoastal forestssfcoastal habitatnicodcommercial fishing communitiesse communitycommunity structure competitionyoconcanavalin-atur concentrateis conceptsy conchocelisidconfidence-limits consequencesn copepodstcoral-reef fishcoralline algaehe CostariaaCostaria costata costaria-costata phaeophyta2crepidula-fornicata l crustaceanipl culturees currentsidatae defensestdeoxyribonucleic acid depositiontlo designizedesmarestialesrifdetermining wave-forcesit deterrence@ detrituso dewatering+ Dictyoneuropsis reticulata2Dictyoneurum californicumdictyoneurum-californicumdietd dietaryic digestibility Dilomacoc dipterane discus-hannaidiscus-hannai ino dislodgmentsi dispersal distributions disturbance-p disturbancespdivergence timesn diversitydnaif dna-sequencet dna-sequences dollar dendraster-excentricusDOMsedragedrift vegetationdulse DurvillaealeaDurvillaea antarcticadurvillaea potatorum$ durvillaea-antarctica phaeophytapdynamic straingy dynamicsg echinodermata echinoideaata ecologyaneconomical feasibility economics ecophysiologyecosystem processes ecotonete edulis li eelgrassaeelgrass zostera-marinal effluentt effluentseggseegg energy content egg sizegeggso elctroosmosiselectro-osmosisPelongation-factor ,8  metabolism+ metalaxylmidaemidge mitochondria mitochondrial genomeymodel moistureomolecular evolutionncmolecular phylogeny($molecular-weight polyphloroglucinols molluscacmorphological variationa morphologiese morphologycs mortality movementsmytilus-edulistnpnad6cnatural-populationsya nearshorenearshore ecology Nereocystisatnereocystis luetkeananereocystis-luetkeana new-zealandes nitratea nitrogencnitrogen resourcessbsnitrogen uptakerdNOPDFNOPEtNorth West, New England north-americanorth-carolinaaef northeastern pacific kelpsns northerng nova-scotiaem nuclear rdnaanucleotide-sequence12nucleotide-sequencesunudusnutrient removalnutrient uptaketk nutrition ocean wavea@ ocean wavesolive rockfishlas ontogenys operonichopportunistic polychaete optimizationaorganic nitrogenporganic-matterod organismsout-planting kelp outputuct oxidation pacific-mparacentrotus-lividusparthenogenesisPpatchpatch dynamicsehe patternsgPDFosPDF; human activitiesPDF; life historyPDF; life history?40PDF; life history?; role in nearshore ecosystemsPDF; population ecology$PDF; role in coastal ecosystems Pelagophycus Pelagophycus porraana Periodicity persistencesn phaeophyceaep phaeophytase phenolic-compoundsler pheromonephloroglucinoltes phlorotannins phosphatephosphate-uptaker phosphoruscasphotoinhibitionahPhotoperiodism (algae)+Rphotosensitizersuphotosynthesissms Phyllariopsis purpurascens2phylogenetic inference+ phylogeny physicaltphysical disturbanceaphytochemicalsicuphytodetritus, seagrassl $ phytophthora-palmivora zoosporesp pigmentso planktona plant-herbivore interactions plantsica,&plants; algae; PDF; population ecology Pleonosporium polyculture@polymerase chain reaction polyphenolum- polyphenols polyploidyae polysaccharidesurpolyunsaturated fattyPOMse populationturpopulation dynamics porphyras Porphyra spp.porphyra-umbilicalisapostelsia-palmaeformiscae predationpredation intensitynapredation riskast preferencel-c preferenceset prepared dietprepared dietsder preservationcpresspreye pricklebacks productsn proteinbi proteinsn Protistagpterygophora-californica puget sound@ puget-soundac purpuratusata pyriferaa pyrolysis pythiumradar measurementsana raftingar recruitmentlorecruitment dynamicsredyp red algaered sea urchinreefe reef fishesif relative size reproduction- reproductiveoreproductive outputreproductive responsestereproductive-biologyareproductive-cycleteb resolution mass-spectrometryresource-allocationfr respirationis restriction enzyme mapping2 rhodophyta ch ribosomalribosomal-protein s12 ribosomal-rnaribosomal-rna genesburibosomal-subunit rna rna genes rockfishs rockfishesksrockfishes sebastesrocky rocky intertidal community ronquilserps12rps7rrubra sacca-di-goro safetyize safety factorsalinity gradient salmonc-m san juana sandy beaches saringosterol ,   encystment@ endophytism energynbienvironmental effects environments- Epiphytismescherichia-colinestuarine circulation evolution evolutionary relationshipsa2exposed habitatseexposure gradient expressionmos familyictfarmd fatty-acidrol fatty-acids l fecundityfeedrfeeding preferencesbs feeding rate@ filtratem fimbriatumostfisho fish grazingl fishes+- fjordstsi flexibilitysnflexural stiffness flowe flow tankflow visualizationflow-cytometryspofoodefood limitationtifood preferenceci food rationusforce forcesc o forestyme fresh-waterae fucoid algaen fucus spefucus-distichusarfucus-vesiculosus ler gall midgeavigamete released f gametogenesis gametophyte gametophytes gangliatageneegenetic variationgiant kelp forestse giant-kelplum gonad color@ gonad texture gracilariasid grazersal grazingtagreen sea-urchinP greenlingsks greenlip group-i intronrib growthed growth hormones gunnelsng HaliotisiHaliotis kamtschatkanaHaliotis laevigate hemicentrotus-pulcherrimusP herbivore herbivorestesherbivorous fishe hessian flyesHormosira banksii hybridization hybridsaehydrodynamic forcehydrodynamic forces hydrodynamics indo-pacific invertebratesPinduced mortality inheritanceinorganic nitrogenctsinsulin-related peptideintegrated culture intensityinter-tidal community intergeneric hybridization intertidalbanintertidal algaecintertidal barnacleslintertidal ecology intertidal organismsaintertidal seaweedsc.intertidal zone intronson islandson isozymesvITSlujawsd juvenilekelptkelp communitiesfkelp evolutionuen kelp forest-pkelp gametophyteskelp habitat managementkelp restorationPkeyzy Lacunatiolamarck echinodermata laminar flowz LaminariaLaminaria complanataLaminaria saccharinaLaminaria spp.umPlaminaria-longicrurislaminaria-saccharinae Laminarialeslaminariales phaeophyceae lanterntu larvaeelarval developmenthnclessonia-nigrescensty lessoniaceaeolessoniaceae phaeophyceaeLessoniopsis littoralis Life cyclelife historiesteslight ligninsislikelihood approachnc lipidsalgLIS-Long Island Sound luetkeanalymnaea-stagnalisMacquarie Islandg macroalga macroalgaebsimacroalgal assemblagesphamacroalgal bloomsmacroalgal diettu macrocystise Macrocystis angustifoliaoMacrocystis integrifoliaomacrocystis phaeophyta+Macrocystis pyriferamacrocystis-integrifolianmacrocystis-pyriferae macrocystis-pyrifera forest$!macrocystis-pyrifera phaeophyceaeXRmacrocystis-pyrifera; giant-kelp; phaeophyceae; recruitment; pdf; human activitiesTOmacrocystis-pyrifera; giant-kelp; phaeophyceae; recruitment; pdf; human impactstpmacrocystis-pyrifera; kelp forest; giant-kelp; predation; islands; algae; PDF; population ecology; human impacts macrophytes imarchantia-polymorpha marineref marine alga@ marine-algaemmarine-terrestrialoasmaterial propertiesmaternal investmentn matingonemating-behaviorucmayetiola-destructor saymechanical-propertiesmechanical-stress Melagraphiaea : Lawrence, A. L.Lawrence, J. M. Lee, M. K.+& Letham, D. S. Leung, H. K. Levin, J. E. Lew, K. A.+& Lewis, R. J.Lightfoot, D. G. Lilly, G. R.Lindstrom, S. C. Lisin, S. Lobban, C. S. Lorz, H. V.& Love, M. S.& Luning, K.Macleod, J. K. Maier, I.Manhart, J. R. Manley, S. L. March, B. E.Markham, J. W. Martel, A.+& Masuda, K.+&Matweyou, Julie Maxell, B. A.McBride, S. C. McLay, C. L. McLean, E.+&McQueen, D. J.Meunier, C. P. Mews, M. Miller, K. A. Morris, T. J. Muller, D. G.Muller-Parker, G.Mulligan, T. M.Mumford, T. F. Neushul, M.&Nichols, P. D.Nicholson, N. L. Niell, F. X. North, W. J. Norton, T. A. Okelly, C. J. Oliveira, L. Orr, M. Orsat, V. Osullivan, E. Paine, R. T.Palni, L. M. S.Pannell, L. K. Parks, D. S.Parnell, P. E. Pearce, C. M. Pearse, J. S. Pedersen, A.Pelletreau, K. N.Petrell, R. J.Petrell, Royann J.  Peulve, S.+& Piatt, J. F. Pinnix, W. D.Pivnick, K. A. Popovic, R.& Price, R. J. Qian, P. Y.& Quick, M.Raghavan, G. S. V.  Roberts, C.&Robinson, S. M. C.  Roland, W. G. Rose, D. Rosell, K. G. Rosen, G. Rosenthal, R.Rusanowski, P. C.Sanbonsuga, Y. Satoh, K.Saunders, G. W.Scheirer, D. C. Schiel, D. R.Schlotterbeck, R. E. Schmitz, K.& Schoch, G. C.Scholtz, C. H. Schultze, K.Selivanova, O. N.Shaffer, J. A.Shreffler, D. K. Siddon, C. E.Sideman, E. J. Sim, J. H.+& Smith, B. D. Smith, C. M. Smith, G. J.Smith, J. M. B. Smith, M. J. Smith, R. G. Sorenson, P. Sotocinal, S.Spencer, H. G.Srivastava, L. M. Stazicker, C.Stevens, C. L.Stewart, H. L.Stiller, J. W.Strathmann, R.Swenson, S. I.Tabrizi, K. M. Tait, R. M.& Tay, S. A. B. Taylor, B. E. Taylor, D. I. Tegner, M. J.Therrien, C. D. Thom, R. M.& Tingley, M.& Tom, P. D.+& Tooley, P. W.Tregunna, E. B.Tuininga, A. R. Vadas, R. L. Valdes, M.+&Van Barneveld, R. J.Vanblaricom, G. R. Vandepeer, M. E.VanHeemst, J. D. H. Ventresca, D. Vidaver, W.& Virtue, P.+&Vozzhinskaya, V. B.Waaland, J. R.Wainwright, S. A. Walker, D. C. Watanabe, J. Watson, B. A. Watson, M. A.$Watson, M. A. and B. B. Casper Weidemann, W. Wendell, F.& West, J. E.&Wheeler, W. N. Whelan, J. H.Whisler, H. C.Whyte, J. N. C.Willenbrink, J. Wilson, T. C. Winter, F. C.Woessner, J. W. Wood, S. A.& Yarish, C.+&Zhigadlova, G. G. Zimmer, M.+& 8h{ sculpinseseaes sea otterss-l sea urchin+ sea-urchinrat Seasonalityis seaweedan seaweedslsebastes diploproasecondary metabolites sedimentasediment trapssii sedimentation selection selective sequencee sequencessessile organisms settlementon@shape similarityraisitodiplosis-mosellana+sizessize-structurenac small subunit small subunit ribosomal dna2 somatostatinn south-africaesouth-african abalonesoutheastern alaskassouthern new-zealandasouthern-californiaa sp-i annelidaspatial subsidysespatial variation speciationhys specieshyspirogyra-maximaspirulina-platensishaspore dispersaltk sporesynt sporophytestr sterolsat stichaster-australis verrillsstipestrhe str operonmaxstreblospio-benedicti stresssms$!Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis$Strongylocentrotus franciscanusp structure subantarcticl substratum al subtidals$!successful external fertilizationsulfated galactans surf-zone surfperch survivalo survival; pdf; life historysuspension feedersanaswept swept algae-p symbiosistankr tanninsry taxonomy  technical and($technical and economical feasibility temperatetemperate reeftni temperaturenatemperature responsesterrestrial food websthalassia-testudinumctidal algal community tidal currenttidal currentsyse time-integrated fertilizationtissue compositionura tobacco chloroplast genome2 topshellrtorta rhodophytahtransfer-rna geness12transplanting kelpt transporttrapu trappingi Trochidaetuong tuberculata lTurbinaria ornataturbulent flowtioturbulent flowsmsturfu ulva-lactucas ulva-pertusagulva-rigida agardh,c.ulvaceous algaeio understory kelp environments uptakeateuptake kineticsge uptake ratesevaldez oil-spillkvalue velocitynvelocity boundary layer washingtonlumwater water motionpwaveo wave breaking wave exposure wave forces l wave-exposurewaves weathergi west-coastturwheatwrack depositione zoosporeZostera marina($(2F"+F'+.2...3;';33$$3((  GY       % C/  x & d g j{ ' Sr   .  F< > 6   . *u !, ;D {Mx  M. kV\lCqZe7>}I kzT Lane2005 Lane20050: Laur1988 Laur2000 Lee1999& Leung1981B Lewis1991 Lewis1995 Lightfoot1994> Lisin1988 Lobban19766 Love1991J Luning1988 Maier1987 Manley1987; Markham1969/ Masuda19822-Matweyou2001\ Maxell1996W Mews20052 Miller1989 Miller1996 Muller1987 Neushul1978+ Neushul1989? Neushul1989* Neushul1991 Neushul1995F Nicholson1970 Nicholson1976 Niell1995 North1987 Norton1987 Okelly1984Oliveira19800W Orr2005h Paine2002 Parks1994M Parnell1992 Pearse1979E Petrell1996, Petrell1998v Piatt1999 Popovic1983Raghavan19944 Roberts1996 Roland1985 Rosell1984 Rosell1985 Rosell1987  Rosenthal1984 Sanbonsuga1978Saunders1991Saunders1992TSaunders2005Saunders2005Scheirer1977< Schmitz1976 Schmitz1976 Schmitz1979[ Schoch2004 Shaffer1994o Shaffer2000( Shreffler1995 Siddon20011 Siddon20033 Siddon20033 Sideman1977 Smith1984 Smith1984n Smith2001! Smith2001 Srivastava1976 Srivastava19799 Srivastava1984 Srivastava1984 Srivastava1985 Srivastava1987 Stevens1997n Stevens2001] Stewart2004I Strathmann1974M Tegner1992( Thom19959 Thom1996K Vadas1972/ Valdes19822 Vanblaricom2001  Ventresca1984 Vidaver1983 Vozzhinskaya19944 Waaland1984 Waaland1985" Waaland2005 Wainwright1977 Walker1975 Walker1977 Walker19808@ Walker1980G Walker1980>Watanabe1988H Watson1984 Wendell1977 Wheeler1984 Willenbrink1979 Winter1992W Zimmer2005W Zimmer2005997W Zimmer2005W Zimmer2005W Zimmer2005 Zimmer20057W Zimmer2005 Zimmer2005997W Zimmer2005 Zimmer2005W Zimmer2005Zimmer2005 Zimmer20057W Zimmer2005W Zimmer2005W Zimmer2005W Zimmer2005W Zimmer2005W Zimmer2005W Zimmer20057W Zimmer20057W Zimmer2005W Zimmer2005W Zimmer2005W Zimmer2005W Zimmer2005W Zimmer2005W Zimmer2005W Zimmer20057W Zimmer2005W Zimmer2005W Zimmer2005W Zimmer2005 Zimmer2005W Zimmer2005W Zimmer2005W Zimmer2005W Zimmer2005W Zimmer2005W Zimmer20057W Zimmer20057W Zimmer2005W Zimmer2005W Zimmer2005W Zimmer2005W Zimmer20057W Zimmer2005W Zimmer20057W Zimmer2005W Zimmer2005W Zimmer2005 Zimmer20057W Zimmer2005W Zimmer2005W Zimmer2005W Zimmer2005W Zimmer2005W Zimmer20051997W Zimmer2005W Zimmer2005W Zimmer2005W Zimmer2005W Zimmer2005W Zimmer2005W Zimmer2005W Zimmer2005W Zimmer20057W Zimmer20057W Zimmer20057W Zimmer2005W Zimmer2005W Zimmer2005W Zimmer2005W Zimmer20057W Zimmer20057W Zimmer20057W Zimmer2005W Zimmer2005W Zimmer2005W Zimmer2005W Zimmer2005W Zimmer20051997W Zimmer2005997W Zimmer20051997W Zimmer20057W Zimmer20057W Zimmer20057W Zimmer2005 Zimmer2005W Zimmer2005W Zimmer2005W Zimmer20057W Zimmer20057W Zimmer2005W Zimmer2005W Zimmer2005W Zimmer2005W Zimmer20057W Zimmer2005W Zimmer200520050z Langdon1998q Langdon2000r Laur2000 Laval1994|Lawrence1997|Lawrence1997_Lawrence2004_Lawrence2004s Lee1999 Letham19855 Leung1981z Levin1998 Lew1993 Lewis1995 Lightfoot1994w Lightfoot1999 Lilly1979 Lindstrom1992 Lindstrom1993 Lobban19766 Lorz19829 Love1991 Macleod1985 Macleod1987 Maier1987 Manhart1993 Manley1987 March1995 Martel1991 Maxell1996| McBride1997_ McBride2004 McLay1983 McLay1983 McLean19966 McQueen1983 McQueen1983 Meunier1987W Mews20052 Miller1989 Miller1996 Morris1996 Muller1987f Muller-Parker2002|Mulligan1997 Mumford1977 Neushul1977 Neushul1978 Neushul1989 Neushul1991 Neushul1995 Nichols1994 Niell1995 North1987 Norton1987 Okelly1984Oliveira19800W Orr2005w Orsat1999 Osullivan1993h Paine2002 Palni1985 Palni1987 Pannell1983 Parks1994Z Pearce20055Q Pearce2006 Pearse1979\Pedersen2004f Pelletreau2002 Petrell1993 Petrell1996x Petrell1998 Peulve19969v Piatt1999| Pinnix19977 Pivnick1993 Popovic1983_ Price2004 Qian1992 Quick1994Raghavan19944wRaghavan1999 Roberts1996ZRobinson2005 Roland1985 Rose1980 Rosell1984 Rosell1985 Rosell1987q Rosen2000 Rosenthal1984 Sanbonsuga1977 Sanbonsuga1978 Satoh1986Saunders1991Saunders1992TSaunders2005YSaunders2005Scheirer1977< Schiel1995X Schiel2005S Schiel2006 Schlotterbeck1994 Schmitz1976 Schmitz1976 Schmitz1977 Schmitz1979[ Schoch2004 Scholtz1987Schultze1990~ Selivanova1997 Shaffer1994 Shaffer1995o Shaffer2000 Shreffler1995j Siddon20011` Siddon20033a Siddon20033 Sideman1977 Sim1993 Smith1984 Smith1984 Smith1986y Smith1998l Smith2001n Smith2001i Smith2002Sorenson1977@w Sotocinal1999V Spencer2005 Srivastava1976 Srivastava19799 Srivastava1984 Srivastava1984 Srivastava1985 Srivastava1987Q Stazicker2006 Stevens1994} Stevens1997n Stevens2001i Stevens2002] Stewart2004 Stiller1993 Swenson1987 Tabrizi1993 Tait1977 Tait19777 Tay1985 Tay1987 Taylor1996X Taylor2005S Taylor20066Therrien1993 Thom19959 Thom1996Z Tingley2005_ Tom2004 Tooley1993Tuininga1992 Vadas1977d Van Barneveld2003m Vanblaricom2001d Vandepeer2003 VanHeemst1996 Ventresca1984 Vidaver1983 Virtue1994 Vozzhinskaya1994 Waaland1985 Waaland1990 Waaland1990 Waaland1993U Waaland2005 Wainwright1977 Walker1977 Walker1977 Walker19808 Watson19900 Weidemann1990 Wendell1977 West19959 Wheeler1984 Whelan19877 Whisler1992 Whyte1977 Whyte1977 Whyte1977 Whyte1980 Whyte1980 Whyte1981 Whyte1983 Willenbrink1979 Wilson1994 Winter1992Woessner1977@S Wood20060\ Yarish20044~ Zhigadlova1997W Zimmer2005<|$Koehl, M. A. R. Alberte, R. S. 1988}Flow, Flapping, and Photosynthesis of Nereocystis-Luetkeana - a Functional Comparison of Undulate and Flat Blade MorphologiesMarine Biology993435-444 Mar. Biol.ISI:A1988Q619900016 PDFpi A number of species of macroalagae possess a flat, strap-like blade morphology in habitats exposed to rapidly-moving water whereas those at protected sites have a wider, undulate blade shape. We have explored the functional consequences of flat, narrow vs. wide, undulate blade morphologies in the giant bull kelpNereocystis luetkeana. Our study focused on the behavior of blades in ambient water currents and the consequences of that behavior to breakage and to photosynthesis. In flowing water, the narrow, flat blades flap with lower amplitude and collapse together into a more streamlined bundle than do wide, undulate blades, and hence experience lower drag per blade area at a given flow velocity. If the algae at current-swept sites had ruffled blades, drag forces would sometimes be sufficient to break the stipes. However, flat blades in a streamlined bundle experience more self-shading than do undulate blades, which remain spread out in water currents. Thus, there is a morphological trade-off between reducing drag and reducing self-shading. Photosynthetic14C-HCO3 uptake rates decrease in slow flow when the boundary layer along the blade surface across which diffusion takes place is relatively thick. However, blade flapping, which stirs water near the blade surface, enhances carbon uptake rates in slow water currents for both the undulate and the flat morphologies.PITimes Cited: 105 Cited Reference Count: 42 English Article MAR BIOL Q6199$://A1988Q619900016'~xUNIV CHICAGO,DEPT MOLEC GENET & CELL BIOL,CHICAGO,IL 60637. KOEHL, MAR, UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,DEPT ZOOL,BERKELEY,CA 94720.Koehl, M. A. R. 1994<5Flow, flapping, and photosynthesis of flexible fronds"Plant Physiology (Rockville) 1051 SUPPL. 1994BIOSIS:PREV199497352909 PDFrlAnnual Meeting of the American Society of Plant Physiologists, July 30-August 3, 1994, Portland, Oregon, USAMeeting$://PREV199497352909'D=Dep. Integrative Biol., Univ. Calif., Berkeley, CA 94720, USA @ vL,/65+*0)('&%$#"-!8 M1943.2  7  C>D<vT:BJ;?FWhE[on]IK@GH acted sites. %&@ Ԁb 2? the zygotes developed with typical kelp embryology to form small epiphytic blades. The specific identity of the gametophytes is unknown, although the host plants were collected from three sites where the dominant kelp species were: a) Agarum fimbriatum, b) Nereocystis luetkeana and c) Alaria marginata, Costaria costata and Z Sanbonsuga, Y. Neushul, M. 1978NHHybridization of Macrocystis (Phaeophyta) with Other Float-Bearing KelpsJournal of Phycology142214-224 J. Phycol.ISI:A1978FH95800016 PDFNHTimes Cited: 39 Cited Reference Count: 42 English Article J PHYCOL FH958$://A1978FH95800016'UNIV CALIF SANTA BARBARA,DEPT BIOL SCI,SANTA BARBARA,CA 93106. UNIV CALIF SANTA BARBARA,INST MARINE SCI,SANTA BARBARA,CA 93106.$Saunders, G. W. Druehl, L. D.s 1991}Restriction Enzyme Mapping of the Nuclear Ribosomal Cistron in Selected Laminariales (Phaeophyta) - a Phylogenetic Assessment>8Canadian Journal of Botany-Revue Canadienne De Botanique6912 2647-2654 Dec"Can. J. Bot.-Rev. Can. Bot.ISI:A1991HF67700011laminariales; ribosomal-rna; restriction enzyme mapping costaria-costata phaeophyta; rna genes; dna; sequences; evolution; plants; algae; PDF; population ecology\(!Restriction enzyme mapping of the nuclear ribosomal cistron was completed for a variety of Laminariales. Taxa investigated included Alaria marginata Postels and Ruprecht, Egregia menziesii (Turner) Areschoug, Eisenia arborea Areschoug, Lessoniopsis littoralis (Tilden) Reinke, Macrocystis integrifolia Bory, Nereocystis leutkeana (Mertens) Postels and Ruprecht, Postelsia palmaeformis Ruprecht, and Pterygophora californica Ruprecht, with Sargassum muticum (Yendo) Fensholt (Fucales) as an outgroup. The restriction maps establish a foundation for future phylogenetic, as well as other molecular, investigations in the kelp. We also assess restriction enzyme mapping of the nuclear ribosomal cistron for suitability in resolving intrafamilial and interfamilial taxonomic relationships in the Laminariales. The intergenic spacer proved too variable to be of use for phylogenetic comparisons at this level. Conversely, the gene regions were highly conserved, with only three restriction-site differences observed among all the laminarialean taxa investigated.7NHTimes Cited: 7 Cited Reference Count: 19 English Article CAN J BOT HF677$://A1991HF67700011U'@:SIMON FRASER UNIV,DEPT BIOL SCI,BURNABY V5A 1S6,BC,CANADA.$Saunders, G. W. Druehl, L. D. 1992Nucleotide-Sequences of the Small-Subunit Ribosomal-Rna Genes from Selected Laminariales (Phaeophyta) - Implications for Kelp Evolution1Journal of Phycology284544-549 Aug J. Phycol.ISI:A1992JL27800016evolution; laminariales; phaeophyta; phylogeny; ribosomal deoxyribonucleic acid; small subunit costaria-costata phaeophyta; dna-sequence; brown-algae; red algae; phylogeny; PDFThe entire small-subunit (SSU) ribosomal ribonucleic acid sequence was inferred for kelp representing seven genera: Alaria marginata Postels and Ruprecht (1824 bp), Egregia menziesii (Turner) Areschoug (1825 bp), Lessoniopsis littoralis (Tilden) Reinke (1825 bp), Macrocystis integrifolia Bory (1825 bp), Nereocystis leutkeana (Mertens) Postels and Ruprecht (1824 bp), Postelsia palmaeformis Ruprecht (1826 bp), and Pterygophora californica Ruprecht (1825 bp). We obtained a partial sequence for Eisenia arborea Areschoug (1669 bp) from a single clone of polymerase chain reaction-amplified product. The SSU sequence was too conserved among these morphologically distinct taxa to permit phylogenetic analysis. The divergence between the most distant taxa was only 0.66%. This value was used in a SSU molecular clock to suggest that the most distantly related kelp investigated in this study diverged between 16 and 30 (more probably 16 and 20) million years ago.NHTimes Cited: 61 Cited Reference Count: 33 English Article J PHYCOL JL278$://A1992JL27800016:'@:SIMON FRASER UNIV,DEPT BIOL SCI,BURNABY V5A 1S6,BC,CANADA. hB;Willenbrink, J. Kremer, B. P. Schmitz, K. Srivastava, L. M. 1979~xPhotosynthetic and Light-Independent Carbon Fixation in Macrocystis, Nereocystis, and Some Selected Pacific Laminariales>8Canadian Journal of Botany-Revue Canadienne De Botanique578890-897"Can. J. Bot.-Rev. Can. Bot.ISI:A1979GW71900005 PDFPITimes Cited: 28 Cited Reference Count: 23 English Article CAN J BOT GW719$://A1979GW71900005'SIMON FRASER UNIV,DEPT BIOL SCI,BURNABY V5A 1S6,BC,CANADA. WILLENBRINK, J, UNIV COLOGNE,INST BOT,D-5000 COLOGNE 41,FED REP GER.R Winter, F. C. Estes, J. A. 1992Experimental-Evidence for the Effects of Polyphenolic Compounds from Dictyoneurum-Californicum Ruprecht (Phaeophyta, Laminariales) on Feeding Rate and Growth in the Red Abalone Haliotus-Rufescens Swainson82Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 15562263-277J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol.ISI:A1992HL11600009Sdeterrence; dictyoneurum-californicum; herbivore; kelp; polyphenol; red abalone molecular-weight polyphloroglucinols; plant-herbivore interactions; fucus-vesiculosus l; chemical defense; phenolic-compounds; brown-algae; secondary metabolites; marine; tannins; preferences; PDF>7The effects of polyphenolic compounds from brown algae on grazing and growth rate of the California red abalone Haliotis rufescens Swainson were examined. Abalone consumed three phenolic-poor algal species, Laminaria sinclarii (Harvey) Farlow, Macrocystis pyrifera Agardh, and Nereocystis luetkeana Postels et Ruprecht (mean phenolic content = 0.52% dry mass), at a greater rate than two phenolic-rich species, Dictyoneurum californicum Ruprecht and Cystoseira osmundacea Agardh (mean phenolic content = 4.60% dry mass). This inverse relationship between phenolic content and consumption rate also existed after the algae were macerated and the liquid portion of the blended slurry incorporated in agar discs. However, the correlation between grazing rate and phenolic content improved in this latter experiment, thus suggesting that abalone grazing was deterred significantly by the morphology of L. sinclarii and, to a lesser extent, of M. pyrifera. Polyphenolics extracted from D. californicum reduced abalone grazing rates by 90% when incorporated into agar discs at a concentration of 6 mg.ml-1. Although abalone were unable to maintain body mass when fed ad libitum on macerated M. pyrifera incorporated into agar discs, polyphenolics from D. californicum further inhibited shell growth when added to the discs at 5 mg.ml-1. The abalone ate less of the phenol-containing discs than of the discs lacking phenolics. Our results support findings of several prior studies that polyphenolic compounds from brown algae deter grazing by coastal zone herbivores in the northeast Pacific Ocean.WZSTimes Cited: 34 Cited Reference Count: 54 English Article J EXP MAR BIOL ECOL HL116B$://A1992HL11600009'zsUS FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,WASHINGTON,DC 20240. WINTER, FC, UNIV CALIF SANTA CRUZ,INST MARINE SCI,SANTA CRUZ,CA 95064.h Paine, R. T. 2002D=Trophic controt of production in a rocky intertidal communityScienceb 296 5568736-739 Apr 26ScienceISI:000175281700055D>ecosystem processes; biodiversity; competition; diversity; PDF*#In the low intertidal zone at Tatoosh Island, Washington, United States, minimal estimates of primary production can vary from 0 to an average of 86 kilograms of wet mass per square meter per year when the grazing assemblage is manipulated. Highly productive annual kelps (Laminariales) replace less productive perennial species when macroscopic grazers are reduced or absent, resulting in monodominant assemblages of Alaria marginata. Experiments were repeated in seven consecutive years. Increased species richness makes no significant additional contribution to annual production. Rather, a competitively superior species is favored when its enemies are reduced, suggesting that terrestrial perspectives on the rote of biodiversity that are developed without considering consumers may not be general.9NGTimes Cited: 44 Cited Reference Count: 30 English Article SCIENCE 546PDe$://000175281700055l'vpUniv Washington, Dept Zool, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Paine, RT, Univ Washington, Dept Zool, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.E Pearse, J. S. Hines, A. H. 1979`YExpansion of a Central California Kelp Forest Following the Mass Mortality of Sea-UrchinsMarine Biology511 83-91 Mar. Biol.ISI:A1979GN18300010 PDFPITimes Cited: 112 Cited Reference Count: 27 English Article MAR BIOL GN183$://A1979GN18300010d'XQPEARSE, JS, UNIV CALIF SANTA CRUZ,CTR COASTAL MARINE STUDIES,SANTA CRUZ,CA 95064.*#Petrell, Royann J. Alie, Sylvain Y. 1996F@Integrated cultivation of salmonids and seaweeds in open systems Hydrobiologia326-3270 67-73 1996BIOSIS:PREV199699198031hagrowth; kelp; Laminaria; Nereocystis; nutrient removal; technical and economical feasibility; PDFCritical aspects of growing Laminaria saccharina and Nereocystis luetkeana near salmon sea cages are discussed. A new computer spreadsheet model was developed, which integrated biological, physical and economic aspects of kelp/salmon cultivation, in order to provide information on production, nutrient removal, and technical and economic feasibility of different production strategies. Given a farm-gate price of 20 kg-1 (dry mass) and either a 24 or 48 sea cage salmon farm, kelp is a feasible investment option. Results of the model suggest that kelp apparently obtains ammonium for growth during slack tide and that ammonium uptake is also significant during that time. The net yield of Nereocystis needs to be increased before it can compete with the yield of Laminaria. To include kelp on a salmon farm, a part-time position and a separate mooring system for kelp would be needed. Special attention should be given to training personnel in both salmon and kelp production.Article $://PREV199699198031'yPetrell, Royann J. ; Dep. Bio-Resource Engineering, 2357 Main Mall, Univ. British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada2,Popovic, R. Colbow, K. Vidaver, W. Bruce, D. 19832,Evolution of O-2 in Brown Algal ChloroplastsPlant Physiology734889-892Plant Physiol.ISI:A1983RV78500006 PDFTMTimes Cited: 15 Cited Reference Count: 25 English Article PLANT PHYSIOL RV785$://A1983RV78500006'SIMON FRASER UNIV,DEPT BIOL SCI,BURNABY V5A 1S6,BC,CANADA. POPOVIC, R, SIMON FRASER UNIV,DEPT PHYS,PHOTOBIOL GRP,BURNABY V5A 1S6,BC,CANADA.KJIStrathmann, R. 1974D>The spread of sibling larvae of sedentary marine invertebratesAmerican Naturalist 108r 29-44o Thom, R. M. 1996nhCO2-enrichment effects on eelgrass (Zostera marina L) and bull kelp (Nereocystis luetkeana (Mert) P & R)"Water Air and Soil Pollution88 3-4383-391 AprWater Air Soil Pollut.ISI:A1996UE41500012<5metabolism; patterns; dynamics; nitrogen; plants; PDFI investigated the effect of CO2-enrichment on productivity of two aquatic plant species [Zostera marina L., Nereocystis luetkeana (Mert.) P. & R.] that form significant components of coastal ecosystems in the Pacific Northwest. Short-term (i.e., 2-hr) experiments showed that doubling CO2 resulted in up to a 2.5-fold increase in Zostera net apparent productivity (NAP). Nereocystis NAP was increased 2.2 - 2.8 fold. In experiments involving seven enrichment treatments, NAP increased with increasing CO2 between ambient (1.0x) and 2.5x CO2 in both Zostera and Nereocystis. Nereocystis acid Zostera NAP was lowest at highest (i.e., 5x) CO2 concentrations. In growth experiments, mean growth rate of Zostera increased with increasing CO2 during one of the two trials. I conclude that increasing CO2 in the surface waters of the coastal ocean would predictably result in increased NAP of these two species. These results supplement limited published data showing that shallow estuarine and marine systems are vulnerable to increased carbon dioxide.ZTTimes Cited: 3 Cited Reference Count: 25 English Article WATER AIR SOIL POLLUT UE415$://A1996UE41500012'd^Thom, RM, BATELLE, PACIFIC NW LAB, MARINE SCI LAB, 1529 W SEQUIM BAY RD, SEQUIM, WA 98382 USA. Vadas, R. L. 1972JCEcological implications of culture studies on Nereocystis leutkeanaaJournal of Phycology8196-203 PDF\& Vozzhinskaya, V. B. Kuzin, V. S. 19946/Productivity of Laminariales in the World Ocean4.Izvestiya Akademii Nauk Seriya Biologicheskaya2308-312uMar-Apr Izv. Akad. Nauk Ser. Biol.ISI:A1994NG53000014 nope>7The kelp (Laminariales) is the basis of benthic littoral vegetation in the boreal and notal zones of the World Ocean. They form a vast underwater region from the ebb-flow zone to a depth of several dozens m. Just the kelp is the main producer of organic matter in the shelf giving 1-3 kg C(org)/m2 (or even more) per vegetation. The dry algal matter contains 30-40% C(org) depending on the macrophyte species. The zone of vegetative association of kelp produces up to 20 tons of green mass per hectare. In the mariculture this index may be as high as 100 ton/hectare. IN RUSSIAN???$://A1994NG53000014'@9VOZZHINSKAYA, VB, PP SHIRSHOV OCEANOL INST,MOSCOW,RUSSIA.B:,&Laur, D. R. Ebeling, A. W. Coon, D. A. 1988\UEffects of Sea Otter Foraging on Subtidal Reef Communities Off Central California USAVanblaricom, G. R. And J. A. Estes (Ed.). Ecological Studies Analysis and Synthesis, Vol. 65. The Community Ecology of Sea Otters. Xvi+247p. Springer-Verlag New York, Inc.: Secaucus, New Jersey, USA; Springer-Verlag: Berlin, West Germany. Illus. Maps151-168Ecological StudiesBIOSIS:PREV198835003817K NOPDF Book$://PREV198835003817 Lewis, R. J. 1991\UIntergeneric Hybridization and Chromosome Numbers in Kelps of the Family LessoniaceaeJournal of Phycology273 SUPPL45BIOSIS:PREV199141095049 PDF1991 MEETING OF THE IV INTERNATIONAL PHYCOLOGICAL CONGRESS AND THE PHYCOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA, DURHAM, NORTH CAROLINA, USA, AUGUST 4-10, 1991Meetingr$://PREV199141095049'`ZLEWIS R J; DEP BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES, UNIVERSITY CALIFORNIA, SANTA BARBARA, CALIF 93106, USALewis, R. J. Neushul, M. 1995Intergeneric hybridization among five genera of the family lessoniaceae (Phaeophyceae) and evidence for polyploidy in a fertile pelagophycus x macrocystis hybridJournal of Phycology316 1012-1017 Dec J. Phycol.ISI:A1995TQ78200022 chromosomes; Dictyoneuropsis reticulata; Dictyoneurum californicum; intergeneric hybridization; Lessoniaceae; Macrocystis angustifolia; Macrocystis integrifolia; Macrocystis pyrifera; Nereocystis luetkeana; Pelagophycus porra; Phaeophyceae; polyploidy laminariales; PDFHybridization was attempted by combining gametophytes between intergeneric pairs among the following taxa in the Lessoniaceae: Macrocystis pyrifera (L.) C. Agardh, M. integrifolia Bory, M. angustifolia Bory, Pelagophycus porra (Leman) Setch., Nereocystis luetkeana (Mert.) Post & Rupr., Dictyoneurum californicum Rupr., and Dictyoneuropsis reticulata (Saud.) Smith. Hybrid sporophytes were produced in some combinations involving Macrocystis x Pelagophycus and Macrocystis x Dictyoneurum, and in all combinations of Dictyoneuropsis x Dictyoneurum. This is the first report of intergeneric hybrids involving Dictyoneurum. Gametophytes of P. porra had 16-24 chromosomes. Gametophytes from a fertile Macrocystis-Pelagophycus hybrid were crossed with Macrocystis and Pelagophycus gametophytes. Hybrid male gametophytes and Pelagophycus female gametophytes produced sporophyte progeny, but hybrid males with Macrocystis females did not. A single hybrid female gametophyte did not produce gametophytes in combination with hybrid males, Pelagophycus males or Macrocystis males. The hybrid gametophytes had approximately 30 chromosomes. It is hypothesized that the hybrid is an alloploid, containing a complete set of Macrocystis and Pelagophycus chromosomes, which may have allowed meiosis and sporogenesis to proceed normally in the hybrid sporophyte found in the sea. Thus, reproductive isolating mechanisms appear to operate at both pre- and postzygotic stages, and both can be overcome in intergeneric hybrids.SNHTimes Cited: 10 Cited Reference Count: 26 English Article J PHYCOL TQ782$://A1995TQ78200022o'F@UNIV CALIF SANTA BARBARA,INST MARINE SCI,SANTA BARBARA,CA 93106.] n> l$Sideman, E. J. Scheirer, D. C. 1977rlSome Fine-Structural Observations on Developing and Mature Sieve Elements in Brown Alga Laminaria-Saccharina American Journal of Botany646649-657 Am. J. Bot.ISI:A1977DQ05400007P PDFPJTimes Cited: 15 Cited Reference Count: 27 English Article AMER J BOT DQ054$://A1977DQ05400007M'2+NORTHEASTERN UNIV,DEPT BOT,BOSTON,MA 02115."Smith, B. D. Foreman, R. E. 1984b\An Assessment of Seaweed Decomposition within a Southern Strait of Georgia Seaweed CommunityMarine Biology842197-205 Mar. Biol.ISI:A1984AEM2800012 PDFAn assessment of litter and detritus decomposition and nitrogen content of decomposing litter is presented for ten important seaweeds within a southern Strait of Georgia (British Columbia, Canada) seaweed community sampled from August 1975 until October 1976. Litter decomposition rates varied among species with the time required for litter to disappear from litter bags ranging from 6 d for the lamina of Nereocystis luetkeana to about 70 d for Fucus distichus. Decomposition was characterized by an accelerating increase in the nitrogen:dry weight ratio of remnant litter as decomposition proceeded. Iridaea cordata detritus decomposed most rapidly, at 5.7% d -1, while rates for Gigartina papillata, N. luetkeana, Laminaria saccharina and Laminaria groenlandica ranged from 1.8 to 3.6% d -1. The remaining species decomposed more slowly. There was a tendency toward more rapid decomposition with decreasing crude fibre content and detritus particle size; however, it appears that morphology, habitat and growth rate are also correlated with relative decomposition rates. Of 43 taxa identified within quantitative litter collections, F. distichus (41%), L cordata (26%), N. luetkeana (27%) and Laminaria spp. (4%) accounted for 98% of total deposition with mean peak accumulation occurring in August and September from a low near zero in January and February. Litter distribution was patchy, with most litter decomposing near its place of deposition. The application of litter decomposition rates to measured litter accumulation in a mathematical simulation of decomposition predicted the rate of seaweed litter decomposition to peak at about 1.1 g AFDW (ash-free dry weight) m -2 d -1 in early September from a mid-winter low near zero. In total, 56 _+ 4% of decomposing litter formed detritus, with the remainder being released as soluble matter. The annual contribution of seaweed litter biomass to detrital pathways from our study site was calculated to be 152 g AFDW m -2.NGTimes Cited: 7 Cited Reference Count: 33 English Article MAR BIOL AEM28$://A1984AEM2800012'B;UNIV BRITISH COLUMBIA,DEPT BOT,VANCOUVER V6T 1W5,BC,CANADA..'Stevens, C. L. Hurd, C. L. Smith, M. J. 20014-Water motion relative to subtidal kelp fronds Limnology and Oceanography463668-678 MayLimnol. Oceanogr.@ISI:000168511500019macrocystis-pyrifera; southern-california; giant-kelp; nereocystis-luetkeana; radar measurements; new-zealand; waves; flow; forces; morphologies; PDFnhA study of water velocities near subtidal kelp fronds, relative to the motion of the kelp itself, is described. The dynamic model developed by Utter and Denny (1996) is used to develop quantitative measure of the relative velocity vector, (u) over bar (r). The numerical model is extended through the addition of a current, use of a larger drag coefficient. and explicit consideration of (u) over bar (r). The model is tested by comparing it with microwave radar observations of a tethered float. The modeling of kelp frond motion uses parameters derived from current meter observations as input data. The results indicate that the relative velocity of seawater to the kelp frond is rarely zero and often is of comparable magnitude to the local Eulerian velocity of the water relative to the seabed. This has ramifications for modeling of both drag and boundary-layer transport processes. Use of a monochromatic wave field in the modeling in conjunction with examination of the results in the time domain suggests the magnitude of the current is very important in controlling motion at frequencies lower than the wave frequency.TNTimes Cited: 9 Cited Reference Count: 27 English Article LIMNOL OCEANOGR 429HV$://0001685115000191'Natl Inst Water & Atmospher Res, Wellington, New Zealand. Univ Otago, Dept Bot, Dunedin, New Zealand. Stevens, CL, Natl Inst Water & Atmospher Res, Greta Point,POB 14-901 Kilbirnie, Wellington, New Zealand.Stewart, H. L. 2004Hydrodynamic consequences of maintaining an upright posture by different magnitudes of stiffness and buoyancy in the tropical alga Turbinaria ornata Journal of Marine Systems49 1-4157-167 Aug J. Mar. Syst.ISI:000224394900013algae; biomechanics; morphology; buoyancy; flexural stiffness; Turbinaria ornata nereocystis-luetkeana; benthic organisms; kelp; forces; flow; water; photosynthesis; dislodgment; morphology; drag; PDFhbAn upright posture in the water column exposes benthic marine organisms to faster flow than near the substratum, potentially increasing rates of mass exchange while also exposing the organisms to higher hydrodynamic forces. Benthic organisms maintain upright postures in the water column by two mechanisms, being stiff or being buoyant. This study compared how different relative magnitudes of buoyancy and flexural stiffness (EI) affect hydrodynamic forces on, and flow velocity relative to the surfaces of the tropical alga, Turbinaria ornata. Thalli of T ornata from wave-exposed forereef environments lack pneumatocysts (air bladders) and are negatively buoyant, but have higher EI than buoyant thalli with pneumatocysts from calm lagoon environments. Simultaneous measurements of water velocity, horizontal force and algal motion were recorded for pairs of thalli of the same height-positioned side by side on the reef at a site exposed to moderate wave action. To examine the effect of buoyancy alone, lagoon thalli with intact air-filled pneumatocysts were compared with lagoon algae that were made non-buoyant by replacing the air in their pneurnatocysts with water. The non-buoyant thalli experienced higher water velocities and hydrodynamic forces than lagoon thalli with bladders. To test the effect of EI alone, flexible lagoon algae with water-filled pneumatocysts were compared to non-buoyant, stiff forereef algae and there was no difference in the relative water velocity or force they experienced. To compare thalli held upright by possessing a high EI to those held upright by buoyancy, lagoon algae with pneumatocysts were compared to forereef algae. Stiff forereef algae deflected very little in moving water. Water velocities relative to their surfaces and the peak horizontal forces they experienced were higher than those on more flexible lagoon algae, which bent easily and moved with the flow. Thus, buoyant, flexible thalli of T ornata that move with the flow experience lower relative velocities and lower forces than stiff, non-buoyant thalli that do not move with the flow. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.RLTimes Cited: 4 Cited Reference Count: 23 English Article J MARINE SYST 861CY$://000224394900013r'Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Integrat Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Stewart, HL, Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Integrat Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. hstewart@socrates.berkeley.eduo "Shaffer, J. A. Parks, D. S.y 1994|Seasonal-Variations in and Observations of Landslide Impacts on the Algal Composition of a Puget-Sound Nearshore Kelp ForestBotanica Marina374315-323 Jul Bot. MarinaISI:A1994NY05400004XRmacrocystis-pyrifera; giant-kelp; phaeophyceae; recruitment; pdf; human activities@9A medium scale landslide (2153 m3) deposited sediment on to a intertidal beach on the north side of Point Williams, Seattle, Washington on 4 April 1991. Within 23 days of the slide, high tides and rain carried 77% of the sediment to nearshore waters and north through a seasonal kelp bed immediately adjacent to the slide area. Transects were placed in north and unimpacted south kelp beds and monitored seasonally for algal community and densities. Significant differences in north and south kelp bed Costaria costata, Laminaria sp., and Nereocytis luetkeana densities occurred during spring. No other community or density differences were found. Irradiance values for the two beds differed during winter months but were similar for the rest of the year. Significant differences in spring kelp densities may be attributed to short term impacts of landslide sediment introduced to the kelp bed during early kelp growth stages. However the landslide did not appear to effect the kelp community after the observed spring depression. Larger landslides may have more extensive impacts.NGTimes Cited: 12 Cited Reference Count: 35 English Article BOT MAR NY054$://A1994NY05400004'xqUNIV WASHINGTON,SCH FISHERIES WH10,SEATTLE,WA 98195. UNIV WASHINGTON,COLL FOREST RESOURCES AR10,SEATTLE,WA 98195.,Shaffer, J. A. 2000VPSeasonal variation in understory kelp bed habitats of the Strait of Juan de Fuca"Journal of Coastal Research163768-775 SumJ. Coast. Res.ISI:000089758800021xqpuget sound; commercial fishing; kelp habitat management macrocystis-pyrifera; environments; ecology; forest; PDFKelp habitats in Washington state, including the Strait of Juan de Fuca, are classified as a critical habitat for a number of federally listed, proposed listed, and declining stocks, including Chinook, coho and chum salmon, and quilback, copper, and brown rockfish, surfsmelt, sandlance, and northern abalone. The Strait of Juan de Fuca supports the majority of kelp resources in the state of Washington. Despite this importance, virtually no information exists on kelp habitat community structure for the Strait of Juan de Fuca. This study defined understory composition of two dominant kelp habitats of the Strait. The understory composition of two Macrocystis integrifolia and Nereocystis luetkeana beds were sampled seasonally for one year. Variables assessed included macroalgal composition and abundance of three commercially and recreationally important species of urchin and one species of abalone. Similarities and differences were found with bed type, season, and geographic location. Similarities included strong seasonal variation in understory cover, and the dominance of the perennial, understory kelp Pterygophora californica. Both bed types were also similar in their difference from understory communities described for Puget Sound kelp beds. Differences between the two kelp bed types included variation in total algal cover. Macrocystis beds showed less seasonal variation in total cover and algal composition, and had greater overall percent cover, which M. integrifolia contributed to seasonally. Nereocystis beds showed seasonal changes in percent algal cover. However, N. luetkeana did not contribute to the understory algal cover of these beds. Nereocystis beds had higher total number of urchins and abalone than Macrocystis beds. Recent increases in kelp habitat management activities, combined with differences in kelp community with season, bed type, and location observed in this study underscore the need for well defined goals and detailed site studies for successful kelp habitat management, including restoration and preservation.RLTimes Cited: 0 Cited Reference Count: 22 English Article J COASTAL RES 362BM$://000089758800021'Washington Dept Fish & Wildlife, Port Angeles, WA 98362 USA. Shaffer, JA, Washington Dept Fish & Wildlife, 332 E 5th St, Port Angeles, WA 98362 USA.D*#Lightfoot, D. G. Raghavan, G. S. V. 1994D=Combined Fields Dewatering of Seaweed (Nereocystis-Luetkeana)Transactions of the Asae373899-906May-Jun Trans. ASAEISI:A1994PA13700027XQkelp; press; elctroosmosis; feed; filtrate concentrate; growth; clays; wheat; PDF4 Increasing pressures on our agricultural systems necessitate the investigation of alternative food and feed sources. The ocean coasts of the world provide one potential alternative, as they provide a habitat for millions of tonnes of brown marine algae, or kelp. In this study, a combined fields (mechanical pressure and electro-osmosis) dewatering technique was investigated for dewatering kelp. Electro-osmosis was shown to significantly improve conventional press dewatering of kelp. Dewatering kelp was found to significantly reduce its ash contents and available carbohydrates, and increase its protein, fat, and uronic acid contents. Furthermore, energy costs for producing dried kelp meal were found to be significantly lower if dewatering precedes thermal drying.gPITimes Cited: 4 Cited Reference Count: 36 English Article TRANS ASAE PA1373$://A1994PA137000272'~xMCGILL UNIV,DEPT AGR ECON,ST ANNE BELLEVUE H9X 1C0,QUEBEC,CANADA. LIGHTFOOT, DG, CPI EQUIPMENT LTD,PARKSVILLE,BC,CANADA..(Love, M. S. Carr, M. H. Haldorson, L. J. 1991JCThe Ecology of Substrate-Associated Juveniles of the Genus Sebastes&Environmental Biology of Fishes30 1-2225-243: JanEnviron. Biol. FishesISI:A1991EU35500022recruitment; movements; rockfish; ontogeny coral-reef fish; southern-california; rockfishes sebastes; temperate reef; predation risk; recruitment dynamics; southeastern alaska; patch selection; olive rockfish; kelp forest; PDFThis paper reviews current knowledge of substrate-associated juvenile Sebastes. In general, juvenile rockfish recruit to shallower depths than those occupied by conspecific adults. Habitat use by newly recruited rockfish differs markedly among species. While a few species recruit to shallow-dwelling macrophytes, such as Zostera, many others recruit to larger brown algae, such as Nereocystis and Macrocystis. A few deeper dwelling species recruit to low relief or soft substrata. However, little is known on recruitment of these deeper dwellers. Crustaceans are the major component of the diets of newly recruited Sebastes. Species which continue to forage in the water column shift to larger crustaceans (e.g. euphausids) and fish as they grow. Species which shift to substrate-associated prey soon begin to feed on larger algal-associated gammarid amphipods, shrimps and isopods. Field studies indicate variation in intraspecific growth rates over large geographic distances, among nearby sites and among algal habitats on the same reef, with food availability and water temperature being major factors in the differences. In particular, laboratory studies have shown that temperature is one of the most important factors in growth rates. Many species of juvenile rockfish make ontogenetic movements, often moving into deeper water as they age. Most seasonal movements appear to be related to changes in water temperature and turbulence.XRTimes Cited: 48 Cited Reference Count: 107 English Article ENVIRON BIOL FISH EU355$://A1991EU35500022'UNIV CALIF SANTA BARBARA,DEPT BIOL SCI,SANTA BARBARA,CA 93106. UNIV ALASKA,SCH FISHERIES & SCI,JUNEAU,AK 99801. LOVE, MS, UNIV CALIF SANTA BARBARA,INST MARINE SCI,SANTA BARBARA,CA 93106.W 6JF?,> Miller, K. A. Estes, J. A. 1989LWestern Range Extension for Nereocystis luetkeana in the North Pacific Ocean1Botanica Marinaa3268535-538D Novi Bot. MarinaISI:A1989CD20800008{ PDFLFTimes Cited: 7 Cited Reference Count: 22 English Article BOT MAR CD208$://A1989CD20800008'UNIV CALIF SANTA CRUZ,INST MARINE STUDIES,US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,SANTA CRUZ,CA 95064. MILLER, KA, UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,UNIV HERBARIUM,BERKELEY,CA 94720. Neushul, M. 1989:3The Evolutionary Implications of Kelp HybridizationngKumar, H. D. (Ed.). Phycotalk, Vol. 1. 298p. Rastogi and Co.: Subhash Bazar, Meerut, India. Illus. Maps239-250BIOSIS:PREV199038005755 NOPDF Book$://PREV199038005755Nicholson, N. L. 1970<5Field studies on the giant kelp Nereocystis leutkeanauJournal of Phycology6a177-182PDF; life history Nicholson, N. L. 1976(!Anatomy of Medulla of NereocystisBotanica Marina191h 23-31 Bot. MarinaISI:A1976BH13800003 PDFLFTimes Cited: 8 Cited Reference Count: 20 English Article BOT MAR BH138$://A1976BH13800003('("MIAMI UNIV,W COLL,OXFORD,OH 45056. Okelly, C. J. Floyd, G. L. 1984vpThe Absolute-Configuration of the Flagellar Apparatus in Zoospores from 2 Species of Laminariales (Phaeophyceae) Protoplasma 1231 18-25 ProtoplasmaISI:A1984TJ24900003 pdfRKTimes Cited: 27 Cited Reference Count: 11 English Article PROTOPLASMA TJ249P$://A1984TJ24900003'2+OHIO STATE UNIV,DEPT BOT,COLUMBUS,OH 43210.0)Oliveira, L. Walker, D. C. Bisalputra, T. 1980Ultrastructural, Cytochemical, and Enzymatic Studies on the Adhesive Plaques of the Brown-Algae Laminaria-Saccharina (L) Lamour and Nereocystis-Luetkeana (Nert) Post Et Rupr Protoplasma 104 1-2 1-15 ProtoplasmaISI:A1980KL15900001  PDFRKTimes Cited: 19 Cited Reference Count: 41 English Article PROTOPLASMA KL159R$://A1980KL15900001'NHOLIVEIRA, L, UNIV BRITISH COLUMBIA,DEPT BOT,VANCOUVER V6T 1W5,BC,CANADA.2+Orr, M. Zimmer, M. Jelinski, D. E. Mews, M.k 2005jcWrack deposition on different beach types: Spatial and temporal variation in the pattern of subsidyEcology866 1496-1507 JunEcologyISI:000229723700014zBritish Columbia coastal area; intertidal; kelp; marine-terrestrial ecotone; phytodetritus, seagrass; seaweed; spatial subsidy; subtidal macroalgae; tidal currents; wave exposure; wrack deposition eelgrass zostera-marina; terrestrial food webs; organic-matter; pacific salmon; feeding preferences; nitrogen resources; wave-exposure; kelp detritus; south-africa; fresh-water; PDF"The onshore deposition of macroalgal and macrophyte wrack provides a potentially significant marine subsidy to intertidal and supratidal herbivore and decomposer communities. Based on the study of daily input loads to beaches, we estimated summer wrack deposition of up to 140 Mg (dry mass)/km shoreline in Barkley Sound, British Columbia. However, input rates were highly variable depending on beach type, nearshore hydrodynamics, and buoyancy characteristics of the wrack. Cobble beaches retained similar to 10 times and 30 times more wrack than did gravel and sand beaches, respectively. Cobble and gravel beaches also differed in species composition of new (fresh) wrack input, with Macrocystis integr folia being characteristic for the former and Nereocystis luetkeana for the latter, which we attribute to buoyancy characteristics of the floating debris. On sand beaches, Phyllospadix spp. and Enteromorpha spp. were the dominant wrack species. Species composition of freshly deposited wrack also depended on wave exposure, but predictability based on the species pool within a beach's catchment was restricted. Drift lines of aging wrack differed from freshly deposited wrack in species composition, probably due to wrack decomposition that results in fluxes of nutrients and energy between the adjacent marine and terrestrial habitats. We hold that the characteristics of a given beach, e.g., substratum and wave exposure, and their effects on wrack input, will have important ecological and biogeochemical implications for the marine-terrestrial ecotone.LFTimes Cited: 1 Cited Reference Count: 62 English Article ECOLOGY 934QQ$://000229723700014'Bamfield Marine Sci Ctr, Bamfield, BC V0R 1B0, Canada. Univ Kiel, Zool Inst Limnol, D-24109 Kiel, Germany. Queens Univ, Sch Environm Studies, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada. Zimmer, M, Univ Victoria, Dept Biol, STN, CSC, Victoria, BC V8W 3N5, Canada. mzimmer@zoologie.uni-kiel.de L Abbott1976, Ahn1998 Alberte1988/Albright1982E Alie199696 Amsler1988+ Amsler19895 Amsler1990* Amsler1991!Andersen2001(0 Andrews1976) Andrews1977( Antrim1995' Apt1988& Barta1981( Bienert1995 Bisalputra1975 Bisalputra1977 Bisalputra1980 Blanchard2000% Bodkin1986 Boland19878$ Boller2006& Branen1981 Brawley2004 Bruce1983# Calvin1978" Carney2005 Carr1991$ Carrington2006 Carter1987H Casper1984-Chenelot2001\[Chenelot2004 Chess1988/ Chocair1982 Colbow19833 Cole19822 Cole19822 Collins2005: Coon198899 Cowan1996 Cowen1997! Coyer2001(Cullinan1995 Currie1984  Dayton19848 Dayton1985M Dayton19921De Burgh1978 Dean2000 Deburgh19789 Denny1996 Denny1997 Denny2002 Denny2003 Denny2003DeWreede1999 4 Dickson1984 Dickson1985 Druehl19919 Druehl19929 Druehl2005 Duggins1999 Duggins19997 Duggins1999 Duggins2001 Duggins2003 Duggins2003 Duncan19803 Duncan1980: Ebeling1988 Eckman20011 Eckman2003 Eckman20033M Edwards1992# Ellis1978 Estes1989 Estes1992" Ewing2005 Fankboner19781 Fankboner1978 Fernandez1995 Flores-Moya1995 Floyd1984 Foreman1976 Foreman1977 Foreman1977 Foreman19803 Foreman1980 Foreman1984 Foreman1984. Foster1982 Foster2001J Freshwater1988  Garbary1999  Garbary19997 Garbary19992 Garbary2000(Gardiner1995Gassmann1987(9 Gaylord1996 Gaylord1997 Gaylord2002  Gaylord2003  Gerrodette1984  Gordon2004C Gross1973 Haldorson1991 Haldorson2000 Hale20033,Harrison1998> Harrold1988 Henry1982 Henry1982 Hines1979 Hobson1988L Hollenberg1976 Hong19999 Hudson1999 Hurd1997n Hurd20010 Irvine1977Jaenicke1987( James1987WJelinski2005 Jewett20000 Johnson1994 Kain1987 Kain1987D Kawashima1986 Keller19841 Kim1999 Kim1999 Kim19997 Kim19992 Kim2000 Klinger1999 Klinger19997 Klinger1999 Klinger2001 Klinger2003" Klinger2005 Koehl1977 Koehl1988 Koehl1994< Koehl1994 Koehl2003 Konar1996- Konar2001 Kremer1979 Kremer1981.v Kuletz1999 Kuzin1994 Kuzin1994 Kuzin199477 Kuzin19949777 Kuzin199477 Kuzin199477 Kuzin1994 Kuzin1994 Kuzin199477 Kuzin1994 Kuzin1994zin199477 Kuzin19949777 Kuzin199477 Kuzin19949777 Kuzin199477 Kuzin1994 Kuzin199477 Kuzin1994 Kuzin1994 Kuzin1994 Kuzin19949777 Kuzin199477 Kuzin199477 Kuzin1994 Kuzin199477 Kuzin199477 Kuzin1994 Kuzin1994 Kuzin199477 Kuzin1994 Kuzin199477 Kuzin199477 Kuzin19949777 Kuzin1994 Kuzin19949777 Kuzin1994ng19777 Kuzin19949777 Kuzin19949777 Kuzin199477 Kuzin19949777 Kuzin199477 Kuzin1994Kung19777 Kuzin1994 Kuzin199477 Kuzin1994 Kuzin19949777 Kuzin1994 Kuzin199477 Kuzin199477 Kuzin199477 Kuzin199477 Kuzin199477 Kuzin1994 Kuzin1994 Kuzin199477 Kuzin1994 78-78$://A1977DM21700451iForeman, R. E.|uEcological-Studies of Nereocystis-Luetkeana .1. Population-Dynamics and Life-Cycle Strategy in Different Environments Journal of Phycology'NHUNIV BRITISH COLUMBIA,DEPT BOT,VANCOUVER V6T 1W5,BRITISH COLUMBI,CANADA. J. Phycol. 197713^XTimes Cited: 0 Cited Reference Count: 0 English Meeting Abstract J PHYCOL Suppl. S DM217ISI:A1977DM21700451 UP Bisalputra1975M Foreman1976M Foreman1976M Foreman1976M Foreman1976M Foreman1976M Foreman1976G Foreman1977G Foreman1977E Kung1977777E Kung19777n1977E Kung197777E Kung197777E Kung19777E Kung19777l1977E Kung1977777E Kung19777E Kung1977777E Kung1977777E Kung197771977E Kung19777E Kung1977777E Kung197771977E Kung1977777E Kung19777E Roland, W. G. 1985HAEffects of Lamina Harvest on the Bull Kelp, Nereocystis-Luetkeana>8Canadian Journal of Botany-Revue Canadienne De Botanique632333-336d"Can. J. Bot.-Rev. Can. Bot.ISI:A1985AEB1800021 PDF>NHTimes Cited: 2 Cited Reference Count: 16 English Article CAN J BOT AEB18$://A1985AEB1800021'f_ROLAND, WG, MINIST ENVIRONM,MARINE RESOURCES BRANCH,PARLIAMENT BLDG,VICTORIA V8V 1X5,BC,CANADA.&Rosell, K. G. Srivastava, L. M.` 1984|uSeasonal-Variation in the Chemical-Constituents of the Brown-Algae Macrocystis-Integrifolia and Nereocystis-Luetkeana>8Canadian Journal of Botany-Revue Canadienne De Botanique6211 2229-2236"Can. J. Bot.-Rev. Can. Bot.ISI:A1984TX11400006 PDFPITimes Cited: 16 Cited Reference Count: 25 English Article CAN J BOT TX114$://A1984TX11400006'LFROSELL, KG, SIMON FRASER UNIV,DEPT BIOL SCI,BURNABY V5A 1S6,BC,CANADA.&Rosell, K. G. Srivastava, L. M.P 1985Seasonal-Variations in Total Nitrogen, Carbon and Amino-Acids in Macrocystis-Integrifolia and Nereocystis-Luetkeana (Phaeophyta)Journal of Phycology212304-309 J. Phycol.ISI:A1985AKJ2900018 PDFNHTimes Cited: 12 Cited Reference Count: 26 English Article J PHYCOL AKJ29$://A1985AKJ2900018'LFROSELL, KG, SIMON FRASER UNIV,DEPT BIOL SCI,BURNABY V5A 1S6,BC,CANADA.&Rosell, K. G. Srivastava, L. M. 1987<6Fatty-Acids as Antimicrobial Substances in Brown-Algae Hydrobiologia 151471-475 Sep 30 HydrobiologiaISI:A1987J884800070 PDFTMTimes Cited: 13 Cited Reference Count: 20 English Article HYDROBIOLOGIA J8848$://A1987J884800070'LFROSELL, KG, SIMON FRASER UNIV,DEPT BIOL SCI,BURNABY V5A 1S6,BC,CANADA.[ $Schmitz, K. Srivastava, L. M. 1976>8Fine-Structure of Sieve Elements of Nereocystis Lutkeana American Journal of Botany635679-693 Am. J. Bot.ISI:A1976BX34900018 PDFPJTimes Cited: 15 Cited Reference Count: 20 English Article AMER J BOT BX349$://A1976BX34900018'NGSIMON FRASER UNIV,DEPT BIOL SCI,BURNABY V5A 1S6,BRITISH COLUMBI,CANADA.{ Schmitz, K. Lobban, C. S. 1976<6Survey of Translocation in Laminariales (Phaeophyceae)Marine Biology363207-216 Mar. Biol.ISI:A1976BX10100002 PDFNHTimes Cited: 48 Cited Reference Count: 23 English Article MAR BIOL BX101$://A1976BX10100002'tnUNIV KOLN,INST BOT,D-5000 KOLN 41,FED REP GER. SIMON FRASER UNIV,DEPT BIOL SCI,BURNABY,BRITISH COLUMBI,CANADA. Schoch, G. C. Chenelot, H. 2004f_The role of estuarine hydrodynamics in the distribution of kelp forests in Kachemak Bay, Alaska"Journal of Coastal Research179-194 FalJ. Coast. Res.ISI:0002259446000134.nereocystis luetkeana; spore dispersal; distribution; baroclinic currents; fjords; estuarine circulation; salinity gradient; light intensity macrocystis-pyrifera phaeophyceae; giant-kelp; nereocystis-luetkeana; sea otters; coastal current; growth; recruitment; dispersal; laminariales; communities; PDFUnderstanding the circulation and exchange rates of water masses in an estuary is critical to understanding the movement and recruitment patterns of planktonic propagules and how these patterns relate to the distribution and abundance of adults. Forests of bull kelp (Nereocystis luetkeana) are complex three-dimensional habitats that can support tightly linked trophic interactions between primary producers, herbivores, and carnivores. Therefore, the spatial distribution of this important habitat can affect local food webs. Kelp forests in Kachemak Bay, Alaska, were mapped from 2000 to 2002 using low-attitude aerial photography. Over the 3 years, kelp forests were found only in the outer basin, and only a few attached sporophytes were found in the turbid and lower-salinity inner basin. Many biotic and abiotic factors can affect the dispersal and development of kelp. We tested the hypothesis that decreased salinity and light intensity in the inner basin limit the spatial distribution of Nereocystis sporophytes in this system. Transplant experiments were conducted between the marine and estuarine endpoints of kelp forest distribution. These experiments suggest that the growth of Nereocystis sporophytes transplanted from the marine to the estuarine endpoint was impeded, but that they could survive under estuarine conditions. We tested a second hypothesis, that estuarine circulation patterns control Nereocystis sporophyte distribution. Hydrographic measurements and circulation studies suggest that a strong baroclinic jet develops in the late summer and fall and may prevent Nereocystis spore dispersal into the inner basin. The cyclonic surface circulation in the outer basin may contribute to the observed spatial distribution of kelp forests in this system.^XTimes Cited: 0 Cited Reference Count: 58 English Article J COASTAL RES Sp. Iss. 45 882NC$://000225944600013'Kachemak Bay Natl Estuarine Res Reserve, Homer, AK 99603 USA. Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Sch Fisheries & Ocean Sci, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Schoch, GC, Prince William Sound Sci Ctr, POB 705,300 Breakwater Ave, Cordova, AK 99574 USA. cschoch@pwssc.gen.ak.us *!))####)##"2*3"* ;33F2F%)L&Abbott, I. A. Hollenberg, G. J. 1976 Marine Algae of California  Stanford, CA Stanford University Press 93950 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Integrat Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Gaylord, B, Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Inst Marine Sci, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. gaylord@lifesci.ucsb.edu Gordon, R. Brawley, S. H. 2004ZSEffects of water motion on propagule release from algae with complex life historiesMarine Biology 1451 21-29 Jul Mar. Biol.ISI:000222369500003successful external fertilization; time-integrated fertilization; sea-urchin; gamete release; laminariales phaeophyceae; nereocystis-luetkeana; reproductive-biology; natural-populations; ulvaceous algae; ulva-pertusa; PDF~wReproductive marine algae with complex life histories may respond differently to water motion depending upon whether the spore-producing or gamete-producing phase is considered. Two such species, the kelp Alaria esculenta (L.) Greville (Phaeophyceae) and Ulva lactuca L. (Chlorophyta), were examined experimentally in the laboratory. The kelp was collected in April-June 2000 and U. lactuca was collected in July-August 2000, from four intertidal habitats at Schoodic Point, Maine, USA. Orbital shakers were used to generate water motion. Sporophylls of A. esculenta released more zoospores under shaken versus calm conditions, whereas fewer antheridia on the microscopic male gametophytes released sperm under shaken versus calm conditions when male and female gametophytes were placed together. However, antheridial sperm release was equivalent when male gametophytes were exposed to undiluted media from dense cultures of mature female gametophytes under shaken versus calm conditions. These data suggest that water motion inhibited sperm release by diluting the sperm-releasing pheromone produced by ripe eggs below a threshold required to cause sperm release. Water motion stimulated both gamete and zoospore release from U. lactuca. This is the first report in an alga of stimulation of gamete release by increased water motion, but it is notable that parthenogenesis occurs in Ulva spp.; thus, gametes may develop into gametophytes (1 N) or parthenosporophytes (2 N). This study demonstrates that water motion has strong effects upon algal reproduction, but that the effects may vary between species, possibly due to their different life histories. NGTimes Cited: 1 Cited Reference Count: 55 English Article MAR BIOL 833VVi$://000222369500003 'Univ Maine, Sch Marine Sci, Orono, ME 04469 USA. Brawley, SH, Univ Maine, Sch Marine Sci, Orono, ME 04469 USA. Brawley@maine.edu 1jM@9Dayton, P. K. Tegner, M. J. Parnell, P. E. Edwards, P. B.\ 1992ZTSpatial and temporal patterns of disturbance and recovery in a kelp forest communityEcological Monographs623421-445.& De Burgh, M. E. Fankboner, P. V. 1978yA Nutritional Association between the Bull Kelp Nereocystis-Luetkeana and Its Epizootic Bryozoan Membranipora-Membranaceae Oikos;311 69-72tBIOSIS:PREV197967065955&PDF; role in coastal ecosystems^Dissolved organic C (14C-labeled) present in the exudate of the kelp N. luetkeana was absorbed by colonies of M. membranacea. Membranipora derives nutritional benefit from its laminarian substrate.Article$://PREV197967065955'NHDE BURGH M E ; DEP BIOL SCI, SIMON FRASER UNIV, BURNABY, BC V5A 1S6, CANHADean, T. A. Haldorson, L. Laur, D. R. Jewett, S. C. Blanchard, A. 2000The distribution of nearshore fishes in kelp and eelgrass communities in Prince William Sound, Alaska: associations with vegetation and physical habitat characteristics&Environmental Biology of Fishes573271-287 MarFEnviron. Biol. FishesISI:000085462400004cod; pricklebacks; greenlings; gunnels; rockfishes; ronquils; sculpins; Agarum cribrosum; Laminaria spp.; Nereocystis luetkeana valdez oil-spill; central california; reef fishes; coastal habitat; temperate reef; abundance; assemblages; surfperch; forest; sea; PDF,%The nearshore (less than 20 m depth) demersal fish community in Prince William Sound, Alaska, is dominated by Pacific cod, Gadus macrocephalus, pricklebacks (mostly Arctic shanny Stichaeus punctatus), gunnels (mostly crescent gunnels Pholis laeta), a variety of greenlings (Hexagrammidae) and sculpins (Cottidae). During summer, the spatial distribution of fishes, over scales of 100's of m to 10's of km, varied by habitats characterized by different vegetation types. Juvenile Pacific cod and greenlings were numerically dominant in eelgrass, Zostera marina, beds. Pricklebacks and sculpins were dominant in areas with an understory of the kelps Agarum cribrosum and Laminaria saccharina. Greenlings and sculpins were the most abundant demersal fishes in more exposed sites with a canopy of Nereocystis luetkeana and an understory of L. bongardiana. Measured habitat variables, including vegetation type, slope, vegetation biomass, and substratum type, explained a significant proportion of the variation in the presence or absence of most fishes. The relative importance of different habitat characteristics varied between taxonomic groups of fishes. Vegetation type explained a significant proportion of variation for cod, rockfishes, and ronquils. Juvenile cod were closely associated with eelgrass, while rockfish and ronquils were associated with kelps. Pricklebacks and rockfishes were more frequently observed on steeply sloped shorelines, while ronquils were more often found at sites with higher biomass of vegetation. Within A. cribrosum habitats, more greenlings and sculpins were present at sites where algal biomass was higher. Also, sculpins were more abundant in deeper water and gunnels were more abundant in shallow water within this habitat. These associations may not have been causative. However, evidence suggests that some differences between fish communities in eelgrass and Agarum beds may have been causally related to vegetation characteristics. The possible roles of different vegetation types as refugia from predators or as sources of prey are discussed.XQTimes Cited: 14 Cited Reference Count: 67 English Article ENVIRON BIOL FISH 286TQ$://000085462400004'\VCoastal Resources Associates Inc, Vista, CA 92083 USA. Univ Alaska, Sch Fisheries & Ocean Sci, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Inst Marine Sci, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. Univ Alaska, Sch Fisheries & Ocean Sci, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Dean, TA, Coastal Resources Associates Inc, 1185 Pk Ctr Dr,Suite A, Vista, CA 92083 USA.&Deburgh, M. E. Fankboner, P. V.P 1978xrNutritional Association between Bull Kelp Nereocystis-Luetkeana and Its Epizooic Bryozoan Membranipora-Membranacea Oikos311 69-72 OikosISI:A1978GC12300009 PDF LETimes Cited: 11 Cited Reference Count: 18 English Article OIKOS GC123D$://A1978GC123000090'NGDEBURGH, ME, SIMON FRASER UNIV,DEPT BIOL SCI,BURNABY V5A 1S6,BC,CANADA.>C Gross, J. A. 1973^XPigment Changes in Relation to Development in the Giant Brown Alga Nereocystis-LuetkeanaJournal of Cell Biology59 2 (suppl) 126JBIOSIS:PREV197410020085 PDFArticle$://PREV197410020085("Harrold, C. Watanabe, J. Lisin, S. 1988b\Spatial Variation in the Structure of Kelp Forest Communities Along a Wave Exposure GradientMarine Ecology92131-156BIOSIS:PREV198886090208 PDFFour sites were sampled in kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera) forests occupying rocky bottom habitats along a wave exposure gradient in central California [USA]. Consistent between-site differences were found in the three major structural elements-the surface canopy, the understory assemblage, and the ground cover/turf assemblage-of kelp forest communities. Macrocystis pyrifera was found at all four sites, Nereocystis luetkeana only at the most exposed site. The understory kelps Laminaria setchellii and Pterygophora californica were also characteristic of exposed sites. Articulated coralline algae were more abundant at exposed sites than protected, while fleshy red algae showed the opposite pattern. All four study sites were located along 8.5 km of coastline, and thus were assumed to have available to them the same species pool for colonization. The substrate composition was the same and the amount of unconsolidated substrate was similar at all four sites. We suggest that exposure to wave-generated water motion, through its influence on the surface canopy and therefore on the amount of light reaching the bottom, is responsible for these between-site differences.Article$://PREV198886090208'ZSHARROLD C ; MONTEREY BAY AQUARIUM, 886 CANNERY ROW, MONTEREY, CALIF 93940-1085, USAHenry, E. C. Cole, K. M. 1982NGUltrastructure of Swarmers in the Laminariales (Phaeophyceae) .2. SpermJournal of Phycology184570-579 J. Phycol.ISI:A1982PV60000018 PDFThe ultrastructure of sperm from 13 species in 11 genera of Laminariales collected in the northeast Pacific Ocean is unique in the brown algae. The sperm are elongate, and possess a nucleus, several mitochondria and two or three chloroplasts, but no eyespot. The anterior flagellum bears mastigonemes on the proximal half of its length; a distal "whiplash" portion lacks mastigonemes and is an extension of only the two central singlet microtubules of the axoneme. A peculiar feature of these sperm is the posterior flagellum, which is longer than the anterior flagellum and tapers distally as the doublet microtubules become singlets and decrease in number. This feature contrasts with the laminarialean zoospore, which possesses a short posterior flagellum with the usual "9 + 2" axoneme. The structure of these sperm differs from that reported for Chorda, the sperm of which resembles a primitive brown algal zoospore. The facts support the concept that Chorda is the most primitive member of the Laminariales.NHTimes Cited: 35 Cited Reference Count: 72 English Article J PHYCOL PV600$://A1982PV60000018'B;UNIV BRITISH COLUMBIA,DEPT BOT,VANCOUVER V6T 2B1,BC,CANADA. 81Garbary, D. J. Kim, K. Y. Klinger, A. Duggins, D. 1999^XPreliminary observations on the development of kelp gametophytes endophytic in red algae Hydrobiologia 399247-252 Apr 1? HydrobiologiaISI:000082676900030Agarum; endophytism; gametophytes; Laminariales; Phaeophyceae; Pleonosporium; reproduction; symbiosis marine-algae; nova-scotia; phaeophyceae; laminariales; desmarestiales; gametogenesis; reproduction; recruitment; light; PDF$The development of kelp gametophytes is described from field collections from the San Juan Islands, Washington from November, 1997 to March 1998. All gametophytes were endophytic in the cell walls of red algae, especially species with filamentous or polysiphonous construction. Gametophyte density ranged from a few to many hundreds of distinct individuals per host plant. Gametophytes formed extensive vegetative growths of irregularly branching filaments, mostly parallel to the host surface, consisting of up to 50 or more cells. Antheridia were formed at/or just above the surface of the host thallus. The stalked egg apparatus was perpendicular to the host surface. Following presumed fertilization, the zygotes developed with typical kelp embryology to form small epiphytic blades. The specific identity of the gametophytes is unknown, although the host plants were collected from three sites where the dominant kelp species were: a) Agarum fimbriatum, b) Nereocystis luetkeana and c) Alaria marginata, Costaria costata and Laminaria groenlandica.nRLTimes Cited: 1 Cited Reference Count: 29 English Article HYDROBIOLOGIA 237VH$://000082676900030e':4St Francis Xavier Univ, Dept Biol, Antigonish, NS B2G 2W5, Canada. Chonnam Natl Univ, Inst Marine Sci, Fac Earth Syst & Environm Sci, Kwangju 500757, South Korea. Univ Washington, Friday Harbor Labs, Friday Harbor, WA 98250 USA. Garbary, DJ, St Francis Xavier Univ, Dept Biol, Antigonish, NS B2G 2W5, Canada. < Hobson, E. S. Chess, J. R. 1988vpTrophic Relations of the Blue Rockfish, Sebastes-Mystinus, in a Coastal Upwelling System Off Northern CaliforniaFishery Bulletin864715-743 Oct Fish. Bull.ISI:A1988AD56500009&PDF; role in coastal ecosystemsB://A1988AD56500009'TNNOAA,NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERV,TIBURON LAB,SW FISHERIES CTR,TIBURON,CA 94920.F?Hudson, J. B. Kim, J. H. Lee, M. K. Hong, Y. K. DeWreede, R. E. 1999RKMultiple antiviral activities in extracts of seaweeds from British ColumbiaPharmaceutical Biology374300-306 Oct Pharm. Biol.ISI:000084151800010|antivirals; seaweeds; algae; Analipus japonicus; phytochemicals; photosensitizers biological-activities; plants; algae; nope<5Sixteen extracts of British Columbian seaweeds, previously shown to have antiviral activity, were investigated in more detail. In all cases except one (Analipus japonicus) the antiviral activity was predominantly virucidal (direct virus-killing effect). The A. japonicus extract showed replication-inhibition as well as virucidal activity. All extracts, with the exception of A. japonicus again, required light for maximum activity: indicating the presence of antiviral photosensitizers. In some cases light was absolutely required whereas in others light enhanced the antiviral activity, and furthermore different extracts showed a preference for either visible light or long-wave ultraviolet (UVA). These results taken together indicate the presence of different antiviral compounds with distinct modes of action, and argue strongly against the hypothesis that antiviral activities in seaweeds are due to common ingredients such as polysaccharides. This was further substantiated by the finding that in most cases the antiviral activity could be adsorbed by polyvinyl-polypyrrolidone, which indicates the presence of phenolic compounds. In view of the presence of many different antiviral compounds among these extracts, we believe BC seaweeds may provide a source of potentially useful antivirals, and are worthy of further study.PITimes Cited: 3 Cited Reference Count: 16 English Article PHARM BIOL 263YA$://000084151800010'Univ British Columbia, Dept Pathol, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada. Sungkyunkwan Univ, Dept Biol, Suwon 440746, South Korea. Pukyong Natl Univ, Dept Biotechnol, Namku, Pusan 608737, South Korea. Univ British Columbia, Dept Bot, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. Hudson, JB, Univ British Columbia, Dept Pathol & Lab Med, 2733 Heather St,C Floor, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada. jbhudson@unixg.ubc.ca Hurd, C. L. Stevens, C. L. 1997^XFlow visualization around single- and multiple-bladed seaweeds with various morphologiesJournal of Phycology333360-367 Jun J. Phycol.ISI:A1997XH98800005{flow visualization; kelp; laminar flow; seaweeds; turbulent flow; velocity boundary layer kelp; consequences; velocity; PDFWater flow was visualized around 10 seaweeds with various morphologies to determine the onset of turbulence and to estimate the scales of motion generated by the seaweeds themselves. For single-bladed specimens of the kelps Laminaria setchellii, Costaria costatum, Macrocystis integrifolia, and Alaria marginata, the transition from a laminar to turbulent velocity boundary layer occurred at mainstream velocities of 1.5 cm.s(-1). Transition to turbulence for multiple-bladed specimens of M. integrifolia, Nereocystis luetkeana, Egregia menziesii, and Fucus gardneri occurred at 2.5-3 cm.s(-1) and at 5 cm.s(-1) for the coarsely branched red seaweed, Gelidium coulteri. Flow features such as separation, recirculating eddies, and Von Karman vortex streets were observed around various morphological features. We suggest that in the field, flow around larger macroalgae such as kelp is mostly turbulent and that many seaweeds will lie within the wakes of neighboring macroalgae. For small, branched seaweeds such as G. coulteri, however, the meshlike structure may damp turbulence within the thallus, thereby increasing the mainstream velocity at which the transition to turbulence occurs.NHTimes Cited: 14 Cited Reference Count: 23 English Article J PHYCOL XH988$://A1997XH98800005n'UNIV BRITISH COLUMBIA,DEPT OCEANOG,VANCOUVER,BC V6T 1Z4,CANADA. UNIV BRITISH COLUMBIA,DEPT CIVIL ENGN,VANCOUVER,BC V6T 1Z4,CANADA.^;vJ Luning, K. Freshwater, W. 1988>7Temperature tolerance of Northeast Pacific marine algaeaJournal of Phycology24310-315sB://A1987J779600019'UNIV COLOGNE,INST BIOCHEM,D-5000 COLOGNE 41,FED REP GER. BIOL ANSTALT HELGOLAND,D-2000 HAMBURG 52,FED REP GER. MAIER, I, UNIV CONSTANCE,FAK BIOL,D-7750 CONSTANCE,FED REP GER.Markham, J. W. 1969NGVertical Distribution of Epiphtes on the Stipe of Nereocystis-Luetkeana Syesis2q 1-2227-240=BIOSIS:PREV197051105382 PDFArticle$://PREV197051105382"Maxell, B. A. Miller, K. A.a 1996Demographic studies of the annual kelps Nereocystis luetkeana and Costaria costata (Laminariales, Phaeophyta) in Puget Sound, WashingtonBotanica Marina395479-489 Sep Bot. MarinaISI:A1996VN34100010giant-kelp; macrocystis-pyrifera; central california; community structure; recruitment; forest; growth; mortality; reproduction; survival; pdf; life historyDemographic studies of subtidal algae, particularly annuals, are rare. For a period of 16 months, we documented recruitment, growth, reproduction and mortality of the sporophytes of the canopy-forming kelp Nereocystis luetkeana and the understory kelp Costaria costata, and monitored the densities of three other brown seaweeds, in a subtidal community in the southern Puget Sound. The study site, located on the west side of the Tacoma Narrows, Washington (47 degrees 15'N, 122 degrees 33'W), is a shallow, estuarian environment with a mixed sand and cobble substrate that is exposed to swift tidally generated currents. Juvenile Nereocystis and Costaria were first observed in early March 1993 and 1994 and continued to appear until mid-June in 1993. Patterns of growth, reproduction and survivorship in Nereocystis and Costaria are distinctly different. Nereocystis stipe growth rates peaked (similar to 5 cm/day) at the end of June and then declined, while relative blade growth rates increased (to 6 cm/day) after the period of maximum stipe elongation. Relative blade growth in Costaria declined from similar to 2 cm/day in late May until growth ceased in mid-August. Reproductive Nereocystis plants were first observed in early May; 85% of the population was fertile by early July. Reproductive Costaria plants were first observed on 22 June; 83% were fertile by early August. Both Nereocystis and Costaria were strict annuals at this site.LFTimes Cited: 7 Cited Reference Count: 60 English Article BOT MAR VN341$://A1996VN34100010'xrUNIV PUGET SOUND,SLATER MUSEUM NAT HIST,DEPT BIOL,TACOMA,WA 98416. RADCLIFFE COLL,BUNTING INST,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02138.|D. h Irvine, G. V." 1977ZTEffect of Selective Feeding by 2 Species of Sea-Urchins on Algal Community StructureJournal of Phycology13 32-32p J. Phycol.ISI:A1977DM21700178&PDF; role in coastal ecosystemsR^XTimes Cited: 0 Cited Reference Count: 0 English Meeting Abstract J PHYCOL Suppl. S DM217$://A1977DM21700178_'D>UNIV CALIF SANTA BARBARA,DEPT BIOL SCI,SANTA BARBARA,CA 93106.<5James, D. E. Manley, S. L. Carter, M. C. North, W. J. 1987f`Effects of Pcbs and Hydrazine on Life Processes in Microscopic Stages of Selected Brown Seaweeds Hydrobiologia 151411-415 Sep 30 HydrobiologiaISI:A1987J884800062 PDFRLTimes Cited: 2 Cited Reference Count: 10 English Article HYDROBIOLOGIA J8848$://A1987J884800062'>7JAMES, DE, CALTECH,WM KECK ENGN LABS,PASADENA,CA 91125.$Johnson, A. S. Koehl, M. A. R. 1994Maintenance of Dynamic Strain Similarity and Environmental-Stress Factor in Different Flow Habitats - Thallus Allometry and Material Properties of a Giant-Kelp&Journal of Experimental Biology 195381-410 Oct J. Exp. Biol.ISI:A1994PM30500022Iallometry; algal morphology; biomechanics; drag; dynamic strain similarity; kelp; nereocystis luetkeana; safety factor nereocystis-luetkeana; mechanical-properties; pterygophora-californica; morphological variation; sessile organisms; body size; forces; drag; safety; design; PDFJCWe have focused on the giant kelp Nereocystis luetkeana to examine the mechanical scaling of benthic marine organisms loaded in tension by hydrodynamic forces. If we consider simply the allometry of the kelp's morphological characters, we conclude that their stipes are underscaled relative to the blade area they support (i.e. that the kelp do not maintain stress or elastic similarity as they grow). However, a closer look at the characteristics of these kelp in the field reveals (I) that they have different blade shapes (and hence drag coefficients) and stipe material properties in different hydrodynamic environments, and (2) that they show a decrease in drag coefficient as they become larger. One consequence of these adjustments of blade and stipe morphology is that the maximum stresses in N. luetkeana stipes, when the kelp are pulled by peak tidal currents in their respective habitats, are similar for kelp of different sizes and for kelp from different sites. Hence, sessile organisms such as these kelp can, via their growth responses in different mechanical environments, show a phenomenon analogous to dynamic strain similarity. In addition, N. luetkeana also maintain a constant environmental stress factor, the ratio of the stress required to break a component of an organism (in this case the stipe) at some stage in its life to the maximum stress normally encountered in the habitat by that component during that stage (in this case, stress due to the drag on a kelp exposed to the peak tidal currents typical of the site at which it lives), both between habitats and as they grow.BPJTimes Cited: 38 Cited Reference Count: 83 English Article J EXP BIOL PM305$://A1994PM30500022 '@9UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,DEPT INTEGRAT BIOL,BERKELEY,CA 94720. Kain, J. M. Norton, T. A.  1987HBGrowth of Blades of Nereocystis-Luetkeana (Phaeophyta) in DarknessJournal of Phycology233b464-469{ Sep{ J. Phycol.ISI:A1987K073300010PDF; population ecologyaShort term measurements were made of the relative growth rte of the fst growing portions of blades of Nerocystis luetkeana (Mert.) Post. et Rupr. during exposture to natural daylight and during prolonged darkness. Growth was only slightly, but significantly, faster during the 12 h of daylight than during the 12 h that included 8 h of darkness. Clearly considerable growth occured at night. In blades amputated 1 cm beyond the zone measured, growth was slower during both night and day. In continuous darkness growth continued for up to 12 days. It was not influenced by amputation of distal blade tissue but it was increased by severance from the bulb and stipe. A mean volume increase of 50% of the blade tissue was recorded. While the organic content decreased, the drop was half that required to support the increase in volume. There ws some evidence against translocation. It is possible that cellular biochemical rearrangements allow a light-independent increase in organic material.NGTimes Cited: 2 Cited Reference Count: 21 English Article J PHYCOL K0733$://A1987K073300010'vpUNIV SW LOUISIANA,DEPT BIOL,LAFAYETTE,LA 70504. KAIN, JM, UNIV LIVERPOOL,DEPT MARINE BIOL,PORT ERIN,MAN,ENGLAND. Kain, J. M. 1987HAPatterns of Relative Growth in Nereocystis-Luetkeana (Phaeophyta)Journal of Phycology231181-187 Mar J. Phycol.ISI:A1987G535900022 PDF81Plants of Nereocystis luetkeana (Mert.) Post. et Rupr. of different sizes were held on a raft at the surface of the sea off the Friday Harbor Laboratories, San Juan Island, Washington for 5 day periods for observation of detailed relative growth of different parts. Each stipe was marked at intervals with injected Indian ink and each blade was punched with a series of holes. Measurements of diameter, length, width and thickness were made before and after the 5 day periods. Blades showed a very similar pattern of relative growth rate (R) over an 18-fold range of sizes. The maximum local R in length was about 0.2 day-1 and occurred at 6.5% of the distance from the bulb to the tip, declining to 0.01 at half way. Half the linear growth occurred in the proximal one tenth of the blade and 95% within the proximal half. The relative growth rate of the whole blade declined only slightly with increased size and lay between 0.0.3 and 0.06 day-1 (approx. 36% day-1). The linear growth rate therefore increased with blade size, the maximum observed being 14 cm day-1. The maximum relative growth rate in blade width was slower, and sited more distally than that in length. Unless fertile tissue was involved all blade tissue, except that closely adjoining the bulb, became thinner during growth. R in volume reached 0.3 day-1. Presumably because the plants were held near the sea surface stipes grew slowly, with a maximum linear rate of 9 mm day-1. The maximum R in length decreased with stipe length. Bulb R in volume also decreased as size increased, from a maximum of 0.3 day-1.NGTimes Cited: 3 Cited Reference Count: 24 English Article J PHYCOL G5359$://A1987G535900022'F@KAIN, JM, UNIV LIVERPOOL,DEPT MARINE BIOL,PORT ERIN,MAN,ENGLAND. Kawashima, S. 1986pjDrifting Records of Alien Species of the Laminariales 1. Nereocystis-Luetkeana Mertens Postels Et Ruprecht$Japanese Journal of Phycology343230-231BIOSIS:PREV198732061993 NOPDFArticle$://PREV198732061993(!Koehl, M. A. R. Wainwright, S. A. 1977,&Mechanical Adaptations of a Giant Kelp Limnology and Oceanography226 1067-1071Limnol. Oceanogr.ISI:A1977EA99300009 PDFRKTimes Cited: 94 Cited Reference Count: 7 English Note LIMNOL OCEANOGR EA993$://A1977EA993000090'*$DUKE UNIV,DEPT ZOOL,DURHAM,NC 27706. HADean, T. A. Haldorson, L. Laur, D. R. Jewett, S. C. Blanchard, A. 2000The distribution of nearshore fishes in kelp and eelgrass communities in Prince William Sound, Alaska: associations with vegetation and physical habitat characteristics&Environmental Biology of Fishes573271-287 MarFEnviron. Biol. FishesISI:000085462400004cod; pricklebacks; greenlings; gunnels; rockfishes; ronquils; sculpins; Agarum cribrosum; Laminaria spp.; Nereocystis luetkeana valdez oil-spill; central california; reef fishes; coastal habitat; temperate reef; abundance; assemblages; surfperch; forest; sea; PDF,%The nearshore (less than 20 m depth) demersal fish community in Prince William Sound, Alaska, is dominated by Pacific cod, Gadus macrocephalus, pricklebacks (mostly Arctic shanny Stichaeus punctatus), gunnels (mostly crescent gunnels Pholis laeta), a variety of greenlings (Hexagrammidae) and sculpins (Cottidae). During summer, the spatial distribution of fishes, over scales of 100's of m to 10's of km, varied by habitats characterized by different vegetation types. Juvenile Pacific cod and greenlings were numerically dominant in eelgrass, Zostera marina, beds. Pricklebacks and sculpins were dominant in areas with an understory of the kelps Agarum cribrosum and Laminaria saccharina. Greenlings and sculpins were the most abundant demersal fishes in more exposed sites with a canopy of Nereocystis luetkeana and an understory of L. bongardiana. Measured habitat variables, including vegetation type, slope, vegetation biomass, and substratum type, explained a significant proportion of the variation in the presence or absence of most fishes. The relative importance of different habitat characteristics varied between taxonomic groups of fishes. Vegetation type explained a significant proportion of variation for cod, rockfishes, and ronquils. Juvenile cod were closely associated with eelgrass, while rockfish and ronquils were associated with kelps. Pricklebacks and rockfishes were more frequently observed on steeply sloped shorelines, while ronquils were more often found at sites with higher biomass of vegetation. Within A. cribrosum habitats, more greenlings and sculpins were present at sites where algal biomass was higher. Also, sculpins were more abundant in deeper water and gunnels were more abundant in shallow water within this habitat. These associations may not have been causative. However, evidence suggests that some differences between fish communities in eelgrass and Agarum beds may have been causally related to vegetation characteristics. The possible roles of different vegetation types as refugia from predators or as sources of prey are discussed.XQTimes Cited: 14 Cited Reference Count: 67 English Article ENVIRON BIOL FISH 286TQ$://000085462400004'\VCoastal Resources Associates Inc, Vista, CA 92083 USA. Univ Alaska, Sch Fisheries & Ocean Sci, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Inst Marine Sci, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. Univ Alaska, Sch Fisheries & Ocean Sci, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Dean, TA, Coastal Resources Associates Inc, 1185 Pk Ctr Dr,Suite A, Vista, CA 92083 USA.&Deburgh, M. E. Fankboner, P. V.P 1978xrNutritional Association between Bull Kelp Nereocystis-Luetkeana and Its Epizooic Bryozoan Membranipora-Membranacea Oikos311 69-72 OikosISI:A1978GC12300009 PDF LETimes Cited: 11 Cited Reference Count: 18 English Article OIKOS GC123D$://A1978GC123000090'NGDEBURGH, ME, SIMON FRASER UNIV,DEPT BIOL SCI,BURNABY V5A 1S6,BC,CANADA. z L.Foreman, R. E. 1977|uEcological-Studies of Nereocystis-Luetkeana .1. Population-Dynamics and Life-Cycle Strategy in Different EnvironmentsJournal of Phycology13 78-78 J. Phycol.ISI:A1977DM21700451 PDF^XTimes Cited: 0 Cited Reference Count: 0 English Meeting Abstract J PHYCOL Suppl. S DM217$://A1977DM21700451D'NHUNIV BRITISH COLUMBIA,DEPT BOT,VANCOUVER V6T 1W5,BRITISH COLUMBI,CANADA.Foreman, R. E. 1977rlBenthic Community Modification and Recovery Following Intensive Grazing by Strongylocentrotus-Droebachiensis82Helgolander Wissenschaftliche Meeresuntersuchungen30 1-4468-484ISI:A1977DW19700036[ PDF$IntensiveStrongylocentrotus droebachiensis grazing of a previously sampled one-hectare plot provided an opportunity for quantitatively investigating grazing impact on the benthic macrophyte community and community recovery. The changes induced by grazing are compared with changes in a similar plot located nearby which was not grazed. A total of 154 quantitative 0.25 m2 quadrats were collected in mid-summer, from the two sites, over a 4-year period. The results presented indicate thatS. droebachiensis populations in the Strait of Georgia undergo periodic, environmentally controlled, outbreaks and that these outbreaks are responsible for localized perturbation of the benthic macrophyte community. Short-term grazing, where the urchins do not remain in the area, result in a 60 percent reduction in most community parameters measured. The community requires 2 or 3 years to regain or exceed pre-grazing biomass levels while other parameters had not recovered after 3 years. An estimated 46 year period is required to achieve ldquoecological climaxrdquo (Fishelson, 1977) and ldquospecies enrichmentrdquo follows. The largest macrophyte in the Strait of Georgia, the kelpNereocystis luetkeana, is a successional species whose abundance is controlled, in part, by the successional status of the community.d]Times Cited: 71 Cited Reference Count: 21 English Article HELGOLANDER WISS MEERESUNTERS DW197$://A1977DW19700036'B;UNIV BRITISH COLUMBIA,DEPT BOT,VANCOUVER V6T 1W5,BC,CANADA.Foreman, R. E. 1984@9Studies on Nereocystis Growth in British-Columbia, Canadat Hydrobiologia 116 SEP325-332 HydrobiologiaISI:A1984TS97600065 PDFRLTimes Cited: 5 Cited Reference Count: 19 English Article HYDROBIOLOGIA TS976$://A1984TS97600065W'B://PREV198324045402& Foster, M. S. Vanblaricom, G. R. 2001f_Spatial variation in kelp forest communities along the Big Sur coast of central California, USACryptogamie Algologie`222173-186Apr-JunCryptogam. Algol.ISI:000169447300002central California; community structure; giant kelp forests; Macrocystis pyrifera; spatial variation new-zealand; giant-kelp; recruitment; algae; assemblages; patterns; dynamics; growth; PDFleGiant kelp [Macrocystis pyrifera (Linnaeus) C. Agardh] forests are commonly called a community, but their composition varies among sites and depths. While numerous studies mention this variation and it is the descriptive basis for general models of kelp community structure, it has rarely been quantitatively assessed. We described kelp forest structure among four depths (6, 9, 12, and 15 m) at nine sites along 80 km of the relatively pristine Big Sur coast of California. Density and cover of common organisms were assessed in replicate quadrats at each depth in each site. Macrocystis pyrifera formed a surface canopy at eight sites, and bull kelp, Nereocystis luetkeana (Mertens) Postels & Ruprecht, at one site. The understory kelps Pterygophora californica Ruprecht and Laminaria setchellii P.C. Silva and the bat star Asterina miniata Brandt were the most abundant organisms counted as individuals. Geniculate and nongeniculate coralline algae and encrusting invertebrates had the highest cover. Abundances of giant kelp and the two understory kelps, and sessile invertebrates were significantly different among sites, and differences in sessile invertebrate abundance suggest two general 'types' of kelp forests in the region; one with abundant understory kelps and coralline algae and the other with an understory dominated by sessile invertebrates. Among the eight abundant taxa only the abundance of the two types of coralline algae varied significantly among depths when all sites were combined. Cluster analyses indicated two depth zones within these forests. (C) 2001 Adac/Editions scientifiques et medicales Elsevier SAS.ARLTimes Cited: 7 Cited Reference Count: 49 English Article CRYPTOG ALGOL 445FK$://000169447300002'Moss Landing Marine Labs, Moss Landing, CA 95039 USA. Foster, MS, Moss Landing Marine Labs, 8272 Moss Landing Rd, Moss Landing, CA 95039 USA.81Garbary, D. J. Kim, K. Y. Klinger, T. Duggins, D. 1999:3Red algae as hosts for endophytic kelp gametophytesMarine Biology 1351 35-40 Oct Mar. Biol.ISI:000083306400004macrocystis-pyrifera; recruitment; dispersal; reproduction; phaeophyceae; laminaria; ecology; desmarestiales; gametogenesis; environments; PDFVOWe observed kelp gametophytes endophytic in the cell walls of 17 species of red algae from the San Juan Islands, Washington, USA. Host algae were collected primarily from three sites dominated by different kelp assemblages, including (1) a subtidal site dominated by Agarum fimbriatum Harvey, (2) a second subtidal site dominated by Nereocystis luetkeana (Mertens) Postels et Ruprecht, and (3) a floating dock on which the dominant kelp species were Alaria marginata Postels et Ruprecht, Laminaria groenlandica Rosenvinge, and Costaria costata (C. Agardh) Saunders. Most hosts were filamentous [e.g. Pleonosporium vancouverianum (J. Agardh) J. Agardh, Callithamnion acutum Kylin], or polysiphonous [e.g. Polysiphonia paniculata Montagne, Pterosiphonia dendroidea (Montagne) Falkenberg]; however, similar endophytes were also observed in membranous or bladed red algae [e.g. Membranoptera platyphylla (Setchell et Gardner) Kylin, Polyneura latissima (Harvey) Kylin]. Dozens to hundreds of separate kelp gametophytes were associated with single host thalli. In many cases, the gametophytes developed conspicuous oogonia raised above the thallus surface on characteristic stalks. Presumed zygotes developed through typical embryonic stages into juvenile sporophytes. We argue that the endophytic habit plays an important role in the biology of kelp gametophytes.NGTimes Cited: 4 Cited Reference Count: 40 English Article MAR BIOL 248ZJ$://000083306400004':4St Francis Xavier Univ, Dept Biol, Antigonish, NS B2G 2W5, Canada. Chonnam Natl Univ, Inst Marine Sci, Fac Earth Syst & Environm Sci, Kwangju 500757, South Korea. Univ Washington, Friday Harbor Labs, Friday Harbor, WA 98250 USA. Garbary, DJ, St Francis Xavier Univ, Dept Biol, Antigonish, NS B2G 2W5, Canada.  4FDenny, M. W. Hale, B. B. 2003PICyberkelp: an integrative approach to the modelling of flexible organisms\VPhilosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences 358 1437 1535-1542 Sep 294.Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. B-Biol. Sci.ISI:000185739500013 kelp; Nereocystis; model; ocean waves; hydrodynamic forces determining wave-forces; benthic organisms; giant-kelp; flow; consequences; flexibility; water; shape; size; PDFyBiomechanical models come in a variety of forms: conceptual models; physical models; and mathematical models (both of the sort written down on paper and the sort carried out on computers). There are model structures (such as insect flight muscle and the tendons of rats' tails), model organisms (such as the flying insect, Manduca sexta), even model systems of organisms (such as the communities that live on wave-swept rocky shores). These different types of models are typically employed separately, but their value often can be enhanced if their insights are integrated. In this brief report we explore a particular example of such integration among models, as applied to flexible marine algae. A conceptual model serves as a template for the construction of a mathematical model of a model species of giant kelp, and the validity of this numerical model is tested using physical models. The validated mathematical model is then used in conjunction with a computer-controlled tensile testing apparatus to simulate the loading regime placed on algal materials. The resulting information can be used to create a more precise mathematical model. `ZTimes Cited: 2 Cited Reference Count: 24 English Article PHIL TRANS ROY SOC LONDON B 728WN$://000185739500013 'Stanford Univ, Hopkins Marine Stn, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 USA. Denny, MW, Stanford Univ, Hopkins Marine Stn, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 USA.$Dickson, L. G. Waaland, J. R. 1984XRConchocelis Growth Sporulation and Early Blade Development in Porphyra-NereocystisJournal of Phycology20 SUPPLBIOSIS:PREV198427064070 PDFMeeting$://PREV198427064070'6/DICKSON L G ; UNIV WASH, SEATTLE, WA 98195, USAC$Dickson, L. G. Waaland, J. R. 19856/Porphyra-Nereocystis - a Dual-Daylength Seaweed Planta 1654548-553 PlantaISI:A1985AQM8400015 vpEpiphytism; Life cycle; Nereocystis; Photoperiodism (algae); Phaeophyta; Porphyra; Rhodophyta; Seasonality; PDF("Conchospores from the perennial conchocelis phase of the annual, epiphytic, marine red alga Porphyra nereocystis Anderson, which in nature lives on the large annual kelp Nereocystis luetkeana (Mertens) Postels et Ruprecht, are released in culture only in response to a short-day photoperiod treatment followed by a long-day treatment. Each treatment requires a minimum of three to four weeks and is enhanced by lower temperature during the second photoperiod treatment. To our knowledge P. nereocystis is the first known dualdaylength seaweed and requires a short-day-longday treatment for completion of its life cycle. This stringent environmental control of its reproduction appears to be an adaptation to coordinate conchospore production with the seasonal availability of its host kelp Nereocystis.LFTimes Cited: 17 Cited Reference Count: 29 English Article PLANTA AQM84$://A1985AQM8400015'D=DICKSON, LG, UNIV WASHINGTON,DEPT BOT,KB-15,SEATTLE,WA 98195.>8Druehl, L. D. Collins, J. D. Lane, C. E. Saunders, G. W. 2005ztAn evaluation of methods used to assess intergeneric hybridization in kelp using Pacific Laminariales (Phaeophyceae)Journal of Phycology412250-262 Apr J. Phycol.ISI:000227859400003*apogamy; inheritance; hybridization; kelp; Laminariales; parthenogenesis; Protista macrocystis phaeophyta; temperature responses; flow-cytometry; blue-light; hybrids; evolution; sequences; sporophytes; atlantic; family; PDF60Kelp intergeneric laminarialean hybridizations and hybridization protocol were assessed using seven northeast Pacific kelp species: Alaria marginata Postels and Ruprecht, Costaria costata (C. A. Agardh) Saunders, Eisenia arborea Areschoug, Laminaria saccharina (L) Lamouroux, Lessoniopsis littoralis (Tilden) Reinke, Macrocystis integrifolia Bory, and Nereocystis leutkeana (Mertens) Postels and Ruprecht. Survival and development of sporophyte morphologies derived from selfings, separate males and females, and reciprocal crosses were evaluated over 30 weeks of cultivation. All cultures were initiated from cloned gametophytes. Two closely related species, Laminaria angustata Kjellman and L. japonica Areschoug, demonstrated the efficacy of long-term (up to 30 years) cloned gametophytes in hybridization studies. Sporophyte morphologies appeared in 34%-69% of control and hybridization trials, and 6%-16% of all trials produced sporophytes in control and hybridization conditions that persisted through 30 weeks of cultivation. Sporophytes in control and hybridization conditions could appear normal or abnormal. Usually, the morphology of sporophytes in hybridizations and female controls resembled the female parent, whereas the sporophytes in male controls often had an abbreviated morphology, lacking definitive generic features. Species-specific rDNA internal transcribed spacer molecular primers were used to determine the parentage of five putative hybrids. Only the L. japonica female/L. angustata male hybrid bore both parental genomes. That negative controls could produce persistent and normal-appearing sporophytes negates their value and emphasizes the importance of molecular confirmation in hybridization studies. These findings were applied to critique the only known wild intergeneric hybrid, Pelagophycus/Macrocystis.NGTimes Cited: 1 Cited Reference Count: 52 English Article J PHYCOL 909KSQ$://000227859400003V'RLUniv New Brunswick, Dept Biol, Ctr Environm & Mol Algal Res, Fredericton, NB E3B 6E1, Canada. Bamfield Marine Sci Ctr, Bamfield, BC V0R 1B0, Canada. Univ Chicago, Dept Ecol & Evolut, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. Saunders, GW, Univ New Brunswick, Dept Biol, Ctr Environm & Mol Algal Res, Fredericton, NB E3B 6E1, Canada. ldruehl@island.net P :3Duggins, D. Eckman, J. E. Siddon, C. E. Klinger, T. 2001LFInteractive roles of mesograzers and current flow in survival of kelps$Marine Ecology-Progress Series 223143-155Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser.ISI:000173348700013kelp; nereocystis; hydrodynamics; population dynamics; Lacuna inter-tidal community; giant-kelp; macrocystis-pyrifera; nereocystis-luetkeana; southern-california; predation intensity; wave action; phaeophyta; mortality; ecology; PDFThe relationship between hydrodynamic energy and biological processes is examined for a kelp-dominated marine community,in the San Juan Archipelago. Populations of a common and widely distributed kelp, Nereocystis luetkeana, were established and rates and causes of mortality followed at 7 sites differing greatly in tidally, driven current velocities and wave exposure (measured by permanently deployed instrument packages). Mortality of N luetkeana was not related to storm energy, but exhibited a significant non-linear relationship with tidal current energy such that mortality rates were highest at sites exhibiting protracted periods of calm punctuated by episodes of strong currents. The role of mesograzers (primarily the gastropod Lacuna vincta) on survivorship in these kelp populations was evaluated in the field and in laboratory flume experiments. The relationship between grazer damage and stipe breaking force was investigated by measuring the tensile forces required to break experimentally damaged stipes. Although undamaged stipes can easily withstand the tensile forces imposed by even the strongest current and wave exposures, a very small amount of damage will have highly significant negative effects on breaking strength. While apparently responsible for a significant portion of N. luetkeana mortality in low and variable energy environments, L. vincta is unable to persist on kelp stipes in high-energy environments and its role there is trivial, The relationship between L. vincta grazing and hydrodynamic energy is however nonlinear, because water movement has opposite effects on grazer foraging behavior and the drag forces imposed on kelps, and this results in a complex relationship between hydrodynamic energy and kelp survival. We suggest a conceptual model for relating kelp survival to grazing intensity in hydro-dynamically variable environments. The model leads to the prediction, exhibited in our field results, that the probability of plant mortality may be maximized in regions of intermediate flow energy.XRTimes Cited: 17 Cited Reference Count: 31 English Article MAR ECOL-PROGR SER 512XK$://000173348700013',&Univ Washington, Friday Harbor Labs, Friday Harbor, WA 98250 USA. Off Naval Res, Arlington, VA 22217 USA. Brown Univ, Providence, RI 02912 USA. Univ Washington, Sch Marine Affairs, Seattle, WA 98105 USA. Duggins, D, Univ Washington, Friday Harbor Labs, 620 Univ Rd, Friday Harbor, WA 98250 USA.<6Duggins, D. O. Eckman, J. E. Siddon, C. E. Klinger, T. 2003pjPopulation, morphometric and biomechanical studies of three understory kelps along a hydrodynamic gradient$Marine Ecology-Progress Series 265 57-76Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser.ISI:000188774900005JDkelp; hydrodynamics; flow; biomechanics; Costaria costata; Agarum fimbriatum; Laminaria complanata successful external fertilization; benthic suspension feeders; determining wave-forces; southern-california; giant-kelp; nereocystis-luetkeana; macrocystis-pyrifera; water motion; physical disturbances; mechanical-stress; PDFKelps (benthic algae in the order Laminariales) live in a highly dynamic fluid environment, and exhibit many adaptations to meet the challenges imposed by hydrodynamic forces. We examined flow effects (direct and indirect) on understory kelp population dynamics, morphology and biomechanics along gradients of current velocity and wave accelerations in the San Juan Archipelago, Washington. Costaria costata, Agarum fimbriatum, and Laminaria complanata all exhibited significantly higher mortalities at wave-impacted sites, but no gradient was detectable in the effects of tidal currents on survival, despite the strong tidal signal in waters of the archipelago. This pattern stands in contrast to that reported earlier for the surface-canopy bull kelp Nereocystis luetkeana in these waters; N. luetkeana mortality was strongly correlated with current, but not wave energy. The higher wave-driven mortalities of the understory species occur, even though a suite of morphological and biomechanical attributes (thallus size and thickness, holdfast area and biomass, stipe cross-sectional area, holdfast strength, blade toughness) indicate that kelps at sites characterized by high flow energy are better adapted to resist the forces imposed by waves and currents. While the forces imposed by strong currents have little effect on survival, they do have significant effects on morphology and biomechanical strength. We propose that morphological plasticity in A. fimbriatum and C. costata ameliorates the effects of both currents and waves on their survival.XQTimes Cited: 6 Cited Reference Count: 62 English Article MAR ECOL-PROGR SER 771FL$://000188774900005'HAUniv Washington, Friday Harbor Labs, Friday Harbor, WA 98250 USA. Off Naval Res, Arlington, VA 22217 USA. Brown Univ, Providence, RI 02912 USA. Univ Washington, Sch Marine Affairs, Seattle, WA 98105 USA. Duggins, DO, Univ Washington, Friday Harbor Labs, 620 Univ Rd, Friday Harbor, WA 98250 USA. dduggins@u.washington.edu"Duncan, M. J. Foreman, R. E. 1980RLPhytochrome-Mediated Stipe Elongation in the Kelp Nereocystis (Phaeophyceae)Journal of Phycology161138-142 J. Phycol.ISI:A1980JL93100017 PDFPreliminary evidence is presented which indicates that far-red irradiation promotes and near-red inhibits rapid stipe elongation in Nereocystis luetkeana (Mertens) Postels & Ruprecht. Laboratory results showed afar-red reversal of red inhibition, but a red/far-red reversal was not evident in field experiments. The effects of changing ratios of red and far-red irradiation brought about by selective water absorption are discussed in relation to stipe elongation of Nereocystis.NHTimes Cited: 26 Cited Reference Count: 29 English Article J PHYCOL JL931$://A1980JL93100017'NGDUNCAN, MJ, UNIV BRITISH COLUMBIA,DEPT BOT,VANCOUVER V6T 1W5,BC,CANADA.Henry, E. C. Cole, K. M. 1982RKUltrastructure of Swarmers in the Laminariales (Phaeophyceae) .1. Zoospores0Journal of Phycology184550-569; J. Phycol.ISI:A1982PV60000017l PDF Zoospores of 17 species in 14 genera of Laminariales, collected in the northeast Pacific Ocean, were studied by electron microscopy. These zoospores are unique in the brown algae in lacking both an eyespot in the single chloroplast and any associated swelling at the base of the shorter, posterior flagellum. Spores of all species examined possess a distal whiplash portion on the longer, mastigoneme-bearing anterior flagellum. This appendage may sometimes be as long as the mastigoneme-bearing portion of the flagellum, but it is only seldom preserved in the preparations for electron microscopy. A microtubular cytoskeleton is probably responsible for maintaining the shape of the spore. It consists of a short band of about 10 microtubules between the two basal bodies, scattered tubules converging at the anterior of the spore, a band of 79 tubules directed anteriorly from the anterior basal body, and a band directed posteriorly from the posterior basal body. These anterior and posterior bands may form one continuous band looping around the periphery of the spore. Variation with possible taxonomic significance was found in the ultrastructure of vesicles which apparently contain adhesive material, and which are extruded through the plasmalemma when the zoospores settle.NHTimes Cited: 53 Cited Reference Count: 55 English Article J PHYCOL PV600$://A1982PV60000017'B;UNIV BRITISH COLUMBIA,DEPT BOT,VANCOUVER V6T 2B1,BC,CANADA. r9 .(Denny, M. W. Gaylord, B. P. Cowan, E. A. 1996ZSChaotic kelps: Dynamic loading results in complex kinetics in wave-swept macroalgaeAmerican Zoologist365 1996BIOSIS:PREV199799402656 PDFMeeting$://PREV199799402656.(Denny, M. W. Gaylord, B. P. Cowen, E. A. 1997~xFlow and flexibility - II. The roles of size and shape in determining wave forces on the bull kelp Nereocystis luetkeana&Journal of Experimental Biology 20024 3165-3183 Dec J. Exp. Biol.ISI:000071294200007kelp; Nereocystis luetkeana; wave forces; hydrodynamic forces giant-kelp; macrocystis-pyrifera; consequences; california; organisms; stress; bias; PDF>7Giant kelps (which may reach lengths of 45 m) are a prominent exception to the general rule that wave-swept organisms are small. The ability of these kelps to maintain their large size in the presence of ocean waves has been attributed to their extreme flexibility and the concomitant tendency to 'go with the flow', a tendency that reduces the hydrodynamic forces imposed on the plant. However, the flexibility of giant kelps carries with it the potential for the organism to apply an inertial load to its own structure if the blade mass reaches the end of its tether, Here, we examine the complex trade-off between flexibility and inertial loading using a simple computational model of the bull kelp Nereocystis luetkeana. In field and laboratory tests, the model accurately predicts the forces and motions imposed on flexible structures in wave-induced flows. Subsequent predictions from the model suggest that mature N. luetkeana can indeed benefit from moving with the flow, but that the forces imposed on juveniles are actually increased by the plant's flexibility. Furthermore, the benefit accrued from going with the flow is sensitive to the shape of the plant. If the bull kelp were to grow while maintaining a juvenile shape, the stress placed on its stipe would be drastically increased by dynamic loading, and these inappropriately shaped plants would be subjected to a high risk of breakage. For certain combinations of wave height, wave period and stipe length, the increased stress in hypothetical 'small'-shaped plants may be associated with chaotic motion of the blade mass.sPJTimes Cited: 21 Cited Reference Count: 37 English Article J EXP BIOL YP598$://0000712942000070'Stanford Univ, Hopkins Marine Stn, Dept Biol Sci, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 USA. Stanford Univ, Dept Civil Engn, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 USA. Denny, MW, Stanford Univ, Hopkins Marine Stn, Dept Biol Sci, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 USA.ADenny, M. Gaylord, B. 2002(!The mechanics of wave-swept algae&Journal of Experimental Biology; 205v10 1355-1362D May J. Exp. Biol.ISI:000176013300001D>marine alga; ocean wave; kelp; intertidal zone; hydrodynamic force; material properties; nearshore ecology giant-kelp; southern-california; benthic organisms; pterygophora-californica; biomechanical properties; nereocystis-luetkeana; physical disturbance; macrocystis-pyrifera; induced mortality; chondrus-crispus; PDFWave-swept marine algae must contend with the hydrodynamic forces imposed by extreme water velocities. Nonetheless, they seldom have a shape that appears streamlined and they are constructed of weak, compliant materials. How do they survive? The answer is complex, but a coherent story is beginning to emerge. The combined effect of frond shape and material properties ensures that algae are flexible. In small individuals, flexibility allows the plant to reorient and reconfigure in flow, thereby assuming a streamlined shape and reducing the applied hydrodynamic force. In large individuals, flexibility allows fronds to 'go with the flow', a strategy that can at times allow the plant to avoid hydrodynamic forces but may at other times impose inertial loads. Our understanding of algal mechanics is such that we can begin to predict the survivorship of algae as a function of size, spatial distribution and wave climate.NHTimes Cited: 9 Cited Reference Count: 62 English Review J EXP BIOL 559EU$://0001760133000010'Stanford Univ, Hopkins Marine Stn, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Ecol Evolut & Marine Biol, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. Denny, M, Stanford Univ, Hopkins Marine Stn, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 USA.&'()0Andrews, J. H. 1976VOThe Pathology of Seaweeds in Coastal Washington USA and British-Columbia Canada<5Proceedings of the American Phytopathological Society3BIOSIS:PREV197713077088 NopeArticle$://PREV197713077088Andrews, J. H. 1977@:Observations on Pathology of Seaweeds in Pacific Northwest>8Canadian Journal of Botany-Revue Canadienne De Botanique558o 1019-1027f"Can. J. Bot.-Rev. Can. Bot.ISI:A1977DF57700017PDF; population ecology^Seaweeds that displayed disease symptoms were collected intertidally and subtidally from coastal Washington [USA] and British Columbia [Canada]. A red rot of Fucus, characterized by the progressive reddish discoloration and ultimate disintegration of host tissue, was observed frequently. The fungus Cephalosporium was isolated consistently from diseased plants. Extensive galls, 1-50 mm in size, on stipes of Laminaria, Nereocystis and Macrocystis, were associated invariably with a filamentous, endophytic and presumably parasitic Streblonema-like alga. A bacterium, identified tentatively as Acinetobacter, was isolated from infected Nereocystis in the laboratory and shown to be pathogenic by fulfillment of Koch's Postulates. Symptoms or signs of this white rot disease were restricted to exposed, floating stipes and pneumatocysts which collapsed, became flaccid, and were covered with a white bacterial slime. Attempts to demonstrate causality with the putative pathogens causing red rot and galls, respectively, were unsuccessful. Nematodes of the genera Paralinhomeous and Monhystera were isolated from Fucus and Laminaria, respectively, but apparently are free-living and not parasitic.PITimes Cited: 18 Cited Reference Count: 30 English Article CAN J BOT DF577/$://A1977DF57700017C'NHUNIV BRITISH COLUMBIA,DEPT BOT,VANCOUVER V6T 1W5,BRITISH COLUMBI,CANADA.`YAntrim, L. D. Thom, R. M. Gardiner, W. W. Cullinan, V. I. Shreffler, D. K. Bienert, R. W. 1995HBEffects of Petroleum-Products on Bull Kelp (Nereocystis-Luetkeana)Marine Biology 1221 23-31 Mar Mar. Biol.ISI:A1995QR41300003 PDFAlthough research has been conducted on the effects of oil on the giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera, no similar studies have been completed on bull kelp, Nereocystis luetkeana, the dominant kelp in Washington State, British Columbia, and Alaska. The effects of three petroleum products [diesel fuel, intermediate fuel oil (IFO), and crude oil] were tested before and after weathering on N. leutkeana. Whole plants were exposed to petroleum product for 4 or 24 h and then transferred to the field; observations on the condition of the plants were made daily for 7 d. In addition, controlled bioassays were performed to measure the effects of petroleum exposure on net photosynthetic rate (NP) and respiration rate (R), using light- and dark-bottle techniques. These experiments verified the susceptibility of N. luetkeana tissue to the damaging effects of direct exposure to several oil types. The 4 h exposures to weathered diesel and unweathered IFO, and 24 h exposures to unweathered and weathered diesel and IFO resulted in moderate to severe damage to kelp tissue (i.e., clearly delineated bleached line accompanied by tissue necrosis). Weathered diesel was more toxic than unweathered diesel. The most severe damage to bull kelp was concentrated at the meristematic zone (junction of stipe and bulb) where new tissue growth occurs. Petroleum type significantly affected stipe and blade NP, R, and NP:R ratios. Diesel treatments had a greater negative effect on NP than did the IFO treatments. Based on these experiments, the relative ranking of the damaging effects of petroleum treatment on bull kelp are weathered diesel > unweathered IFO > unweathered diesel > weathered IFO > unweathered crude > weathered crude.NGTimes Cited: 5 Cited Reference Count: 16 English Article MAR BIOL QR413$://A1995QR41300003'XRANTRIM, LD, BATTELLE MEM INST,MARINE SCI LAB,1529 W SEQUIM BAY RD,SEQUIM,WA 98382. Apt, K. E. 1988zEtiology and Development of Hyperplasia Induced by Streblonema Sp (Phaeophyta) on Members of the Laminariales (Phaeophyta)Journal of Phycology241 28-34 Mar J. Phycol.ISI:A1988M543900006  nopeFilaments of Streblonema sp. isolated from hyperplasia (galls) on Nereocystis luetkeana (Mert.) Post. et Rupr. induced similar gall growths when inoculated on young sporophytes of Nereocystis luetkeana, Macrocystis integrifolia Bory, and Laminaria japonica Aresch. Filaments were irregularly branched and uniseriate with cells 5-8 .mu.m in diameter and 10-30 .mu.m long. Growth under varied cultured conditions produced unilocular sporangia. Zoospores released from the sporangia germinated into identical filaments which also formed unilocular sporangia. Gall tissue originated from the innermost cells of the epidermal meristematic zone. When infected these cells divided in an irregular and unorganized manner. The resulting structure was a pronounced departure from normal morphology.NHTimes Cited: 19 Cited Reference Count: 18 English Article J PHYCOL M5439$://A1988M543900006'NGAPT, KE, UNIV CALIF SANTA BARBARA,DEPT BIOL SCI,SANTA BARBARA,CA 93106..'Barta, E. S. Branen, A. L. Leung, H. K. 1981LENutritional Analysis of Puget Sound Bull Kelp (Nereocystis-Luetkeana)Journal of Food Science462494-497 J. Food Sci.ISI:A1981LE00400050  nopeSamples of N. luetkeana, an edible brown algae, were collected from Puget Sound. The freeze-dried samples were analyzed for proximate and elemental composition and evaluated for protein quality by amino acid analysis and using Tetrahymena pyriformis W. The freeze-dried frond, stipe and bulb of the algae showed similar composition; the frond had a protein content twice that found in the bulb and stipe and 5 times less crude fiber than the stipe. The proximate analysis of the frond was 15.3% protein, 1.3% crude fiber, 42.7% ash, 1.9% crude fat and 38.8% carbohydrate (by difference). Based on neutron activation analysis, Nereocystis contained appreciable quantities of Na, K, Ca and Fe. The algae protein appeared to be of high quality based on growth of T. pyriformis W. on a pepsin digest of the algae and on the amino acid profile and in vitro digestibility of the intact algae. [The nutritional quality with respect to human consumption is discussed.]. Address:PITimes Cited: 2 Cited Reference Count: 23 English Article J FOOD SCI LE004$://A1981LE00400050'PJBARTA, ES, WASHINGTON STATE UNIV,DEPT FOOD SCI & TECHNOL,PULLMAN,WA 99164.HG@"Walker, D. C. Bisalputra, T. 1975\UFine-Structural Changes at Sorus Margin During Sorus Release in Nereocystis-LuetkeanaJournal of Phycology11 13-14 J. Phycol.ISI:A1975AJ13800062 PDF^XTimes Cited: 0 Cited Reference Count: 0 English Meeting Abstract J PHYCOL Suppl. S AJ138$://A1975AJ13800062Q'>7UNIV BRITISH COLUMBIA,VANCOUVER,BRITISH COLUMBI,CANADA."Walker, D. C. Bisalputra, T. 1977rkRe-Examination of Mucilage Duct System of Nereocystis-Luetkeana-(Mertens) Postel and Ruprecht, (Phaeophyta) Protoplasma931109-126 ProtoplasmaISI:A1977EB25900009 PDFPJTimes Cited: 4 Cited Reference Count: 17 English Article PROTOPLASMA EB259$://A1977EB25900009-'B;UNIV BRITISH COLUMBIA,DEPT BOT,VANCOUVER V6T 1W5,BC,CANADA. Walker, D. C. 1980VPA New Interpretation of Sorus Inception and Development in Nereocystis-LuetkeanaJournal of Phycology16 SUPPLBIOSIS:PREV198120041015 NOPDFf`ANNUAL MEETING OF THE PHYCOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA, VANCOUVER, B.C., CANADA, JULY 12-16, 1980Meeting$://PREV198120041015'LFWALKER D C; BOT DEP, UNIV BRITISH COLUMBIA, VANCOUVER, BC V6T 1W5, CAN Walker, D. C.l 1980NSorus abscission from laminae of Nereocystis leutkeana (Mert.) Post. and Rupr.!6 $University of British Columbia 464 Watson, M. A. B. B. Casper 1984LEMorphological constraints on pattrns of carbon distribution in plantss.(Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics15233-258  Wendell, F.s 1977tnPopulation Assessment of 3 Sublittoral Species of Order Laminariales in Nearshore Waters of Central CaliforniaJournal of Phycology13 72-72 J. Phycol.ISI:A1977DM21700415PDF; human activities_^XTimes Cited: 0 Cited Reference Count: 0 English Meeting Abstract J PHYCOL Suppl. S DM217$://A1977DM21700415'HACALIF DEPT FISH & GAME,DIABLO CANYON ECOL STUDIES,AVILA,CA 93424.4-Wheeler, W. N. Smith, R. G. Srivastava, L. M. 1984B8Canadian Journal of Botany-Revue Canadienne De Botanique624664-670"Can. J. Bot.-Rev. Can. Bot.ISI:A1984SR97400008 PDFPITimes Cited: 14 Cited Reference Count: 35 English Article CAN J BOT SR974 $://A1984SR97400008'NGWHEELER, WN, SIMON FRASER UNIV,DEPT BIOL SCI,BURNABY V5A 1S6,BC,CANADA.L" #$ % Bodkin, J. L." 1986ZSFish Assemblages in Macrocystis and Nereocystis Kelp Forests Off Central CalifornianFishery Bulletin844r799-808o Octe Fish. Bull.ISI:A1986F815900003&PDF; role in coastal ecosystemsThe abundance and species composition of conspicuous fishes were compared within two canopy forming kelp forests (giant kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera, and bull kelp, Nereocystis luetkeana) in Central California. The primary investigative method was a subtidal belt transect, in which visual observation was used. The species composition of fish assemblages in the two canopy types was similar. Densities of fish were generally greater in Macrocystis than in Nereocystis forests. The major difference was the density of midwater species of the genus Sebastes. The blue rockfish, Sebastes mystinus, was the numerically dominant species in both canopy types. Estimates of the biomass of fish were about 2.4 times greater in Macrocystis beds than in Nereocystis beds.PITimes Cited: 12 Cited Reference Count: 18 English Article FISH BULL F81591$://A1986F815900003 'F?BODKIN, JL, US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,POB 70,SAN SIMEON,CA 93452.0"Boller, M. L. Carrington, E. 2006f`The hydrodynamic effects of shape and size change during reconfiguration of a flexible macroalga&Journal of Experimental Biology 20910 1894-1903 May 15 J. Exp. Biol.sISI:000237236500016biomechanics; ecology; seaweed; Chondrus crispus rocky intertidal community; determining wave-forces; alga chondrus-crispus; nereocystis-luetkeana; benthic organisms; swept algae; flow; drag; consequences; water; PDFRocky intertidal organisms experience large hydrodynamic forces due to high water velocities created by breaking waves. Flexible organisms, like macroalgae, often experience lower drag than rigid organisms because their shape and size change as velocity increases. This phenomenon, known as reconfiguration, has been previously quantified as Vogel's E, a measure of the relationship between velocity and drag. While this method is very useful for comparing reconfiguration among organisms it does not address the mechanisms of reconfiguration, and its application to predicting drag is problematic. The purpose of this study was twofold: (1) to examine the mechanisms of reconfiguration by quantifying the change in shape and size of a macroalga in flow and (2) to build a mechanistic model of drag for reconfiguring organisms. Drag, frontal area and shape of the intertidal alga Chondrus crispus were measured simultaneously in a recirculating flume at water velocities from 0 to similar to 2 m s(-1). Reconfiguration was due to two separate mechanisms: whole-alga realignment (deflection of the stipe) at low velocities (< 0.2 m s(-1)) and compaction of the crown (reduction in frontal area and change in shape) at higher velocities. Change in frontal area contributed more to drag reduction than change in drag coefficient. Drag coefficient and frontal area both decrease exponentially with increasing water velocity, and a mechanistic model of drag was developed with explicit functions to describe these changes. The model not only provides mechanistic parameters with which to compare reconfiguration among individuals and species, but also allows for more reliable predictions of drag at high, ecologically relevant water velocities.PITimes Cited: 1 Cited Reference Count: 39 English Article J EXP BIOL 038QA$://000237236500016'Stanford Univ, Hopkins Marine Stn, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 USA. Univ Rhode Isl, Dept Sci Biol, Kingston, RI 02881 USA. Boller, ML, Stanford Univ, Hopkins Marine Stn, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 USA. boller@stanford.edu Calvin, N. I. Ellis, R. J. 1978{Quantitative and Qualitative Observations on Laminaria-Dentigera and Other Subtidal Kelps of Southern Kodiak-Island, AlaskaMarine Biology474331-336 Mar. Biol.ISI:A1978FL44300004 PDFObservations were made and quantitative samples of non-canopy kelps were collected, using SCUBA, at 9 subtidal sites off southern Kodiak Island in May, 1976. At a 10th site, only observations were made. The most abundant species in the quadrats were Laminaria dentigera, L. yezoensis, Pleurophycus gardneri, Agarum cribrosum, and Alaria marginata. We found fertile plants of all these species. L. dentigera dominated at all sampled sites except one within a bed of Nereocystis luetkeana, where P. gardneri was dominant. L. yezoensis was dominant at the site which was visited but not sampled. The average wet weight of non-canopy kelps in the 55 samples was 12 kg m-2, and the quadrat range was 2 to 35 kg m-2. The reported ranges of P. gardneri and Alaria marginata are extended westward from Montague Island (14722primeW) to Bumble Bay, Kodiak Island (15443primeW), where A. marginata was found at a depth of 8.5 m.NGTimes Cited: 5 Cited Reference Count: 16 English Article MAR BIOL FL443$://A1978FL44300004'leCALVIN, NI, NOAA,NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERV,NW & ALASKA FISHERIES CTR,AUKE BAY LAB,AUKE BAY,AK 99821.82Carney, L. T. Waaland, J. R. Klinger, T. Ewing, K. 2005TNRestoration of the bull kelp Nereocystis luetkeana in nearshore rocky habitats$Marine Ecology-Progress Series 302 49-61Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser.ISI:000233750000005 kelp restoration; Nereocystis; adaptive management; transplanting kelp; out-planting kelp; sedimentation; grazing benthic suspension feeders; macrocystis-pyrifera; laminaria-saccharina; puget-sound; british-columbia; giant-kelp; growth; washington; survival; algae; PDFAnthropogenic disturbances such as shoreline development and sediment loading can reduce or eliminate Nereocystis luetkeana populations and commercially important species associated with N. luetkeana. Hence, kelp restoration will become increasingly important in urbanized nearshore areas. Techniques to establish N. luetkeana populations in the northwestern waters of Washington State, USA, were examined and compared: (1) out-planting recently settled zoospores and microscopic sporophytes (0.5 to 1.0 mm blade length) grown in laboratory culture, in the field onto natural substrate, and at elevated positions, and (2) transplanting juvenile sporophytes (< 15 cm stipe length) from natural populations, bypassing the culturing phase. Juvenile transplants were found to be more successful than cultured out-plants. The restoration cost for juvenile transplants was 12 US dollars (USD) per installed plant with a maximum cost estimate of 200 USD m(-2). These had a 10 to 30% higher survival rate than previously reported kelp transplant efforts using larger individuals. The collection of smaller individuals for transplanting imposes smaller ecological costs to natural populations than does the collection of larger, established plants. Stipe breakage caused by the grazing gastropod Lacuna vincta posed the largest limiting factor on transplant survival. Lack of survival among the out-planted zoospores and microscopic sporophytes indicates that other methods will be more successful, Restoration efforts in the nearshore marine environment will benefit from an adaptive management approach in which techniques can be tailored to the specific physical and biological conditions at the restoration site.XQTimes Cited: 0 Cited Reference Count: 60 English Article MAR ECOL-PROGR SER 990NH$://000233750000005'D=San Diego State Univ, Dept Biol, San Diego, CA 92182 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Biol, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Washington, Sch Marine Affairs, Seattle, WA 98105 USA. Univ Washington, Bot Gardens, Seattle, WA 98105 USA. Carney, LT, San Diego State Univ, Dept Biol, San Diego, CA 92182 USA. lcarney@sciences.sdsu.edu* 5v+66F/:, ,&Ahn, O. Petrell, R. J. Harrison, P. J. 1998|uAmmonium and nitrate uptake by Laminaria saccharina and Nereocystis luetkeana originating from a salmon sea cage farm{"Journal of Applied Phycology104333-340J. Appl. Phycol.ISI:000077991600001+nitrogen uptake; C/N ratio; kelp; seaweed; Laminaria saccharina; Nereocystis luetkeana; environmental effects inorganic nitrogen; uptake kinetics; phaeophyta; effluent; culture; growth; carbon; PDFIn the laboratory, ammonium and nitrate uptakes were measured for juvenile Laminaria saccharina (L.) Lamour. and Nereocystis luetkeana (Mert.) Post. et Rupr. originating from a salmon sea cage farm in northwestern British Columbia, Canada. The effect of various concentrations of NH4+ and NO3-, which are typical of salmon farming environments, on uptakes values were examined. Both. L. saccharina and Nereocystis revealed simultaneous uptake of NH4+ and NO3- when both NH4+ and NO3- were present in the medium. During a 3-h incubation, mean uptake rates of NH4+ and NO3- by L. saccharina ranged from 6.0-8.9 and 4.6-10.6 mu mol g(dw)(-1) h(-1), respectively, and by Nereocystis, they ranged from 6.6-9.3 mu mol g(dw)(-1) h(-1) and 6.1-17.0 mu mol g(dw)(-1) h(-1), respectively. The highest uptake rates (14.8 mu mol NH4+ g(dw)(-1) h(-1) by L. saccharina and 27.2 mu mol NO3- g(dw)(-1) h(-1) by Nereocystis) occurred at the highest concentration (40 mu M NH4+ plus 30 mu M NO3-) during a 1 h incubation. Nitrate uptake by both L. saccharina and Nereocystis increased linearly up to the highest nitrate level tested (30 mu M), whereas uptake rates of ammonium were stable beyond 10 mu M NH4+ to reach approximately 10 and 13 mu mol g(dw)(-1) h(-1) respectively, for L. saccharina and Nereocystis. Unlike L. saccharina, Nereocystis showed a significant preference for NO3- when more than 20 mu M NO3- was present in the medium (p < 0.05). Both L. saccharina and Nereocystis would be suitable for integrated cultivation of salmon/kelp.RLTimes Cited: 8 Cited Reference Count: 22 English Article J APPL PHYCOL 156FU$://0000779916000010'.'Univ British Columbia, Dept Chem & Bioresource Engn, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. Univ British Columbia, Dept Earth & Ocean Sci, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. Petrell, RJ, Univ British Columbia, Dept Chem & Bioresource Engn, 2357 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. petrell@unixg.ubc.cac81Albright, L. J. Chocair, J. Masuda, K. Valdes, M.k 1982|uDegradation of the Kelps Macrocystis-Integrifolia and Nereocystis-Luetkeana in British-Columbia Canada Coastal Waters Srivastava, L. M. (Ed.). Synthetic and Degradative Processes in Marine Macrophytes; Proceedings of a Conference, Bamfield, B. C., Canada, May 16-18, 1980. Xiii+296p. Walter De Gruyter: Berlin, West Germany; New York, N.Y., USA. IllusP215-234BIOSIS:PREV198324051685&PDF; role in coastal ecosystems Book; Meeting$://PREV198324051685 Amsler, C. D." 1988<6Kelp Spore Photosynthesis Respiration and PigmentationJournal of Phycology242 SUPPLsBIOSIS:PREV198835085572PPDF; population ecologyMeetinga$://PREV198835085572'LEAMSLER C D; BIOL SCI DEP, UNIV CALIF, SANTA BARBARA, CALIF 93106, USA Amsler, C. D. Neushul, M. 1989jcDiel Periodicity of Spore Release from the Kelp Nereocystis-Luetkeana (Mertens) Postels-Et-Ruprecht82Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 1342117-127J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol.ISI:A1989CN65000003PJPDF; Dispersal; Kelp; Macroalga; Nereocystis; Periodicity; spore dispersalSorus abscission and associated spore release were monitored in the laboratory from Nereocystis luetkeana (Mertens) Postels et Ruprecht plants collected at three sites in central California, U.S.A. Nearly 80% of the sori were released in the interval between 2 h before sunrise and 4 h after sunrise. This dawn abscission pattern was observed on each day and from plants collected at all sites. Short-term observations in nature confirmed the pattern. Sori from individual plants were usually abscised at intervals of 24 days. Sori often began releasing spores before abscission and, in nature, probably continue to release spores as they are falling through the water column. > 50% of the spores released from abscised sori in the laboratory were released in the 1st h after abscission at a mean rate two to four orders of magnitude higher than previously reported for related macroalgae; nearly 95% had been released within 4 h. This sorus abscission-spore release mechanism is probably adaptive in maximizing the photosynthetic potential of the spores, maximizing the potential dispersal of some of the spores, and ensuring that a proportion of the spores will be retained near the parents.ZSTimes Cited: 14 Cited Reference Count: 39 English Article J EXP MAR BIOL ECOL CN650$://A1989CN65000003'UNIV CALIF SANTA BARBARA,DEPT BIOL SCI,SANTA BARBARA,CA 93106. AMSLER, CD, UNIV CALIF SANTA BARBARA,INST MARINE SCI,SANTA BARBARA,CA 93106. Amsler, C. D." 1990d^Variation in Photosynthetic Physiology and Chemical Composition in Spores of Four Kelp SpeciesJournal of Phycology262 SUPPLaBIOSIS:PREV199039097114PDF; population ecologyMeeting/$://PREV199039097114'TMAMSLER C D; MARINE SCI INST, UNIV CALIFORNIA, SANTA BARBARA, CALIF 93106, USA Amsler, C. D. Neushul, M. 1991Photosynthetic Physiology and Chemical-Composition of Spores of the Kelps Macrocystis-Pyrifera, Nereocystis-Leutkeana, Laminaria-Farlowii, and Pterygophora Californica (Phaeophyceae)Journal of Phycology271 26-34 Feb J. Phycol.ISI:A1991EY97600005 chemical composition; maternal investment; phaeophyceae; photosynthesis; spores postelsia-palmaeformis; north-carolina; dispersal; seaweeds; chloroplasts; chlorophyll; persistence; recruitment; culture; light; PDFRecently released spores of the kelps Macrocystis pyrifera (L.) C. Ag., Nereocystis luetkeana (Mert.) Post. and Rupr., Laminaria farlowii Setch., and Pterygophora californica Rupr. had different levels of net photosynthesis. Spore-specific photosynthesis-irradiance relationships were similar in many respects for M. pyrifera, N. luetkeana, and L. farlowii spores. All three species had low rates of net light-saturated photosynthesis. In contrast, spores of P. californica had higher photosynthetic potential and overall net photosynthesis than the other three species. On a cell carbon basis, however, photosynthetic rates in N. luetkeana spores were similar to those of P. californica spores and higher than those of M. pyrifera spores. Chlorophyll a content of spores varied 10-fold among species. The rank order of significant differences in chlorophyll a content was P. californica > L. farlowii > N. luetkeana > M. pyrifera. As a result, chlorophyll-specific measurements suggest M. pyrifera and N. luetkeana spores had much higher quantum efficiency and photosynthetic potential than either P. califonica or L. farlowii spores. Maternal carbon and nitrogen investment significantly differed in spores of M. pyrifera, N. luetkeana, and P. californica with P. californica > M. pyrifera > N. luetkeana. Carbon content in spores of each of these three species increased by about 30% during 12 h of saturating irradiance. We suggest that the photosynthetic capabilities of and maternal investment in spores may be related to the spore as a unit of dispersal, to the reproductive ecology of the parental sporophytic stages, and to the growth and physiology of the germling gametophyte stages.NHTimes Cited: 35 Cited Reference Count: 52 English Article J PHYCOL EY976$://A1991EY97600005'UNIV CALIF SANTA BARBARA,DEPT BIOL SCI,SANTA BARBARA,CA 93106. UNIV CALIF SANTA BARBARA,INST MARINE SCI,SANTA BARBARA,CA 93106.8  (! -"6/Chenelot, Heloise Matweyou, Julie Konar, Brenda 2001nhInvestigation of the overwintering of the annual Macroalga Nereocystis luetkeana in Kachemak Bay, alaskaZTUniversity of Alaska Sea Grant College Program Report. Cold water diving for science 82University of Alaska Sea Grant College Program {a} 19-24JCUniversity of Alaska Sea Grant College Program Report : AK-SG-01-06zBIOSIS:PREV200200179409y Nope"Book; Meeting; Book Chapter$://PREV200200179409'heloise@iins. uaf edut0)Coyer, J. A. Smith, G. J. Andersen, R. A. 2001\UEvolution of Macrocystis spp. (Phaeophyceae) as determined by ITS1 and ITS2 sequencesJournal of Phycology374574-585 Aug J. Phycol.ISI:000170690400015+(!Alaria; antitropical distribution; biogeography; Costaria; evolution; ITS; kelp; Laminaria; Macrocystis; Nereocystis; Pelagophycus; species concepts ribosomal-rna genes; nucleotide-sequences; kelp evolution; giant-kelp; laminariales; pyrifera; dna; dispersal; lessoniaceae; california; PDFf`Macrocystis (Lessoniaceae) displays an antitropical distribution, occurring in temperate subtidal regions along western North America in the northern hemisphere and throughout the southern hemisphere. We used the noncoding rDNA internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS1 and ITS2) to examine relatedness among (1) Macrocystis and several genera of Laminariales, (2) four species of Macrocystis (M. integrifolia Bory from the northern hemisphere, M. angustifolia Bory and M. laevis Hay from the southern hemisphere, and M. pyrifera [L.] C. Ag. from both hemispheres), and (3) multiple clones of several individuals. Of the taxa included in our phylogenetic analysis, the elk kelp, Pelagophycus porra (tem.) Setch., was the sister taxon to Macrocystis spp. Macrocystis individuals from the southern hemisphere (representing three species) formed a strongly to moderately supported clade, respectively, when the ITS1 and ITS2 sequences were analyzed separately. No distinction was detected between the two species in the northern hemisphere. Thus, Macrocystis may be a monospecific genus (M. pyrifera). A northern-hemisphere-to-southern-hemisphere pattern of dispersal was inferred, because northern-hemisphere individuals were more diverse and displayed paraphyletic clades, whereas southern-hemisphere individuals were less diverse and formed a monophyletic clade. High intraindividual variation in ITS I sequences was observed in one individual from Santa Catalina Island (CA), suggesting very recent and rapid mixing of genotypes from areas to the north and Baja California (Mexico) or introgressive hybridization with Pelagophycus.NHTimes Cited: 15 Cited Reference Count: 76 English Article J PHYCOL 467EX$://000170690400015'Univ Groningen, Dept Marine Biol, Ctr Biol, NL-9750 AA Haren, Netherlands. Moss Landing Marine Lab, Moss Landing, CA 95039 USA. Bigelow Lab Ocean Sci, Boothbay Harbor, ME 04575 USA. Coyer, JA, Univ Groningen, Dept Marine Biol, Ctr Biol, POB 14, NL-9750 AA Haren, Netherlands.XQDayton, P. K. Currie, V. Gerrodette, T. Keller, B. D. Rosenthal, R. Ventresca, D. 1984F@Patch Dynamics and Stability of Some California Kelp CommunitiesEcological Monographs543253-289 Ecol. Monogr.ISI:A1984TG57600001 PDF H BThis paper considers three concepts of stability as they relate to the dynamics of distinctive patch types of algal canopy guilds in southern and central California kelp communities: (1) persistence of a patch through more than one generation of the dominant species, which was evaluated by using life tables and observations of patch borders; (2) inertia or the resistance of different patches to invasion or disturbance, which was evaluated by artificially enhancing gametophytes by transplanting sporogenic material, by removing canopy, and by evaluating some important disturbance processes; and (3) resilience or recoverability of a patch following a perturbation sufficient to allow invasion of different species, which was studied by defining some of the mechanisms of successful invasion or succession. By working in distinct habitats in southern (Pt. Loma and Santa Catalina Island) and central (Pt. Piedras Blancas) California, we could evaluate different types of physical stresses as they related to these stability concepts. Taller perennial canopy guilds were dominant competitors for light, but were more susceptible to physical wave stress. Dominance hierarchies in the competition for light appeared to be reversed in areas exposed to increasing wave stress. The main causes of mortality at Pt. Loma were entanglement with stormdislodged Macrocystis plants and, in some areas, sea urchin grazing. Mortality in central California was due to winter storms. In most cases, distinct patches resisted invasion for >10 yr. The mechanisms of resistance involved (1) competition for light and, possibly, nutrients, and (2) limits to spore dispersal. When succession occurred, it was often mediated by many factors, including seasonality of spore production, which coincided with winter stormrelated mortalities; mechanisms of kelp dispersal, which were most effective via drifting plants and fragments of fertile material held against the substrate by invertebrates; and survivorship of gametophytes and small sporophytes, which was influenced by local scour and grazing. Appropriate spatial scales, stability, and succession studies in these kelp communities were determined by the size of the disturbed area, which varied from the free space resulting from detachment of single plants to the free space resulting from catastrophies such as overgrazing or unusual storms. Temporal scales were influenced by seasonality of disturbance and algal reproductive condition and aperiodic episodes of cool, nutrientrich water advected into the patch. There appeared to be conflicting morphological adaptations of the canopy guilds: exploitation of light was enhanced at higher canopy levels, whereas the lower canopy levels were better adapted to tolerate stress from wave surge. The adaptations of the algae appeared to form four distinct groups of tactics: (1) ruderals or plants, such as Nereocystis and Desmarestia, with opportunistic life histories; (2) kelps, such as Macrocystis, adapted to exploitative competition for light and nutrients; (3) kelps (Eisenia, Dictyoneurum) adapted to physical stress such as wave surge; and (4) those algae, such as corallines and Agarum, adapted to heavy grazing. Within any given area, the relative patch stability was determined by biological relationships; between areas, the patch stability patterns were attributable to physical differences.RLTimes Cited: 263 Cited Reference Count: 95 English Article ECOL MONOGR TG576$://A1984TG57600001'NHDAYTON, PK, UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO,SCRIPPS INST OCEANOG,LA JOLLA,CA 92093. Dayton, P. K. 1985"Ecology of Kelp Communitiest.(Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics16215-246.(Annual Review of Ecology and SystematicsBIOSIS:PREV198630074478; PDF@ Book$://PREV198630074478  3^"Duncan, M. J. Foreman, R. E. 1980hbChanges in Pigment Concentrations and Photosynthesis in Nereocystis with Size Depth and IrradianceJournal of Phycology16 SUPPLBIOSIS:PREV198120009085 NopeMeeting$://PREV198120009085'@9DUNCAN M J ; BOT DEP, UNIV BC, VANCOUVER, BC V6T 2B1, CAN0*Eckman, J. E. Duggins, D. O. Siddon, C. E. 2003|uCurrent and wave dynamics in the shallow subtidal: implications to the ecology of understory and surface-canopy kelps$Marine Ecology-Progress Series 265 45-56Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser.ISI:000188774900004hydrodynamics; kelp; wave; tidal current giant-kelp; macrocystis-pyrifera; southern-california; nereocystis-luetkeana; intertidal organisms; exposure gradient; size; flow; community; shape; PDF/Current and wave properties were studied in the semi-protected waters of the San Juan Archipelago, Washington, at 6 shallow subtidal sites chosen to include a wide range of variability in exposure to both tidal currents and waves. Within each site, 4 to 6 plots measuring roughly 50 to 100 m(2) each were established on nearly horizontal rock platforms at mean depths ranging from 6.1 to 11.0 m, with most plots at mean depths of 7.0 to 9.2 m. Plots were established nominally to minimize within-site variability in hydrodynamics, and were locations of several species of kelp (reported in a companion paper). For more than a year replicate measurements of flow and pressure (mean depth and wave signals) were collected at all sites in 2 Hz bursts 25 cm above the substratum, a height relative to understory kelps, providing a unique, detailed spatial and temporal characterization of a shallow subtidal hydrodynamic regime pertinent to these plants. Despite the intended similarity of plots within sites, local-flow microhabitat remained substantial at scales relative to understory plants, and largely ameliorated differences in tidal signals among most sites. Greater than 50% of the spatial variability in maximum tidal current speed, and 31 to 44% of the variance in the duration of periods of calm flow (speeds consistently <20 cm s(-1)), occurred within sites at scales of meters, and not at the larger (km) scales that separated sites. In contrast, wave effects at 7 to 11 m depth were predictable spatially. Significant wave impacts were recorded only at 2 sites characterized by a large, open fetch. Wave-dominated flows were recorded by replicate sensors multiple times within both of these sites, and the strongest instantaneous wave speeds approached 150 to 200 cm s(-1). Maximum wave-generated speeds recorded just above the substratum at these 2 sites were similar to2 to 3x maximum tidal currents. These results help to explain patterns noted in concurrent studies of the population dynamics and morphology of several species of kelp.XQTimes Cited: 1 Cited Reference Count: 40 English Article MAR ECOL-PROGR SER 771FL$://000188774900004'Off Naval Res, Arlington, VA 22217 USA. Univ Washington, Friday Harbor Labs, Friday Harbor, WA 98250 USA. Brown Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Providence, RI 02912 USA. Eckman, JE, Off Naval Res, Code 322,800 N Quincy St, Arlington, VA 22217 USA. eckmanj@onr.navy.mil4-Flores-Moya, A. Fernandez, J. A. Niell, F. X. 1995Seasonal variations of photosynthetic pigments, total C, N, and P content, and photosynthesis in Phyllariopsis purpurascens (Phaeophyta) from the Strait of GibraltarJournal of Phycology316867-874 Dec J. Phycol.ISI:A1995TQ78200003*$carbon budget; Phaeophyta; photosynthesis; Phyllariopsis purpurascens; pigments; respiration; tissue composition laminaria-longicruris; phosphate-uptake; macrocystis-integrifolia; nereocystis-luetkeana; porphyra-umbilicalis; tissue composition; ulva-lactuca; nitrogen; growth; phosphorus; PDF@9Photosynthetic pigments, C, N, and P tissue composition, and photosynthetic rate were measured from April to October in the brown alga Phyllariopsis purpurascens (C. Agardh) Henry et South (Laminariales, Phaeophyta) growing at a 30-m depth in the Strait of Gibraltar. Irradiance reaching the population ranged from 13.5 to 27.5 mol . m(-2). mo(-1). The available light for this species, expressed as a percentage of the irradiance above the water, was 1.8%. Dissolved inorganic nitrogen forms, NO3- and NH4+, were constant from April to October, whereas phosphate was depleted in August. Chlorophyll a decreased from 520.0 +/- 165.0 to 199.6 +/- 159.9 mu g . g(-1) dry weight; in contrast, chlorophyll c and carotenoids did not change until September but increased threefold in October. C:N and N:P ratios changed in the same way and in the same range. They were constant until July but increased from 15-17 up to 42 (C:N) and from 14 to 40 (N:P) in October, suggesting a severe P limitation of growth of this species. The dark respiration rate and the light compensation point were constant from April to October (0.5 +/- 0.1 mu mol O-2 . m(-2). s(-1) and 6.5 +/- 0.2 mu mol . m(-2). s(-1), respectively), whereas the maximum rate of apparent photosynthesis, light onset saturation parameter, and half-saturation constant for light were maximum in April to May (3.7 mu mol O-2 . m(-2). s(-1) and 40 and 41.5 mu mol . m(-2). s(-1), respectively) and October (3.6 mu mol O-2 . m(-2). s(-1) and 50 and 53.7 mu mol . m(-2). s(-1), respectively). They were minimum in August (1.2 mu mol O-2 . m(-2). s(-1) and 11.3 and 12 mu mol . m(-2). s(-1), respectively). These minimum figures yielded a negative carbon budget in August and 0 in September, whereas it was positive the rest of the year. Photosynthetic efficiency, estimated by the ratio between maximum apparent photosynthesis and light half saturation constant, showed a strong agreement with productivity measured by means of an independent method. These results indicate that lamina expansion in this species is controlled by photosynthetic efficiency.LNGTimes Cited: 8 Cited Reference Count: 68 English Article J PHYCOL TQ782N$://A1995TQ782000039'yUNIV MALAGA,FAC CIENCIAS,DEPT BIOL VEGETAL,E-29071 MALAGA,SPAIN. UNIV MALAGA,FAC CIENCIAS,DEPT ECOL,E-29071 MALAGA,SPAIN.Foreman, R. E. 1976^WPhysiological Aspects of Carbon-Monoxide Production by Brown Alga Nereocystis-Luetkeanaf>8Canadian Journal of Botany-Revue Canadienne De Botanique54 3-4352-360"Can. J. Bot.-Rev. Can. Bot.ISI:A1976BJ52400016PDF; life history? This study was undertaken to examine the physiological aspects of CO origin and retention in pneumatocysts of Nereocystis. A new hypothesis to explain this phenomenon consists of 3 parts: 1st, that CO production is a by-product of autolytic cell metabolism which is linked to respiration by a requirement for energy, probably in the form of ATP; 2nd, the occurrence of CO in the pneumatocysts of large kelps is the result of autolytic processes that are active in pneumatocyst formation; and 3rd, CO concentrations in the pneumatocyst are determined by the production rate and loss rate by diffusion into the surrounding environment through the pneumatocyst wall. The CO-producing pathway has a heat-labile component which indicates enzyme involvement in production. The presence of a CO- and CN-sensitive electron-transport system is shown, although the existence of cytochrome a-a3 could not be demonstrated. Sufficient CO production can be obtained after homogenization and fractionation to permit further biochemical investigation.NHTimes Cited: 2 Cited Reference Count: 19 English Article CAN J BOT BJ524$://A1976BJ52400016'PIUNIV BRITISH COLUMBIA,DEPT BOT,VANCOUVER V6T 1W5,BRITISH COLUMBI,ENGLAND.C F 27RHAGarbary, David J. Kim, Kwang Young Klinger, Terrie Duggins, Davidi 1999^XPreliminary observations on the development of kelp gametophytes endophytic in red algae Hydrobiologia}398-3990247-252~ April 1, 1999BIOSIS:PREV200000015787pjAgarum; endophytism; gametophytes; Laminariales; Phaeophyceae; Pleonosporium; reproduction; symbiosis; PDF$The development of kelp gametophytes is described from field collections from the San Juan Islands, Washington from November, 1997 to March 1998. All gametophytes were endophytic in the cell walls of red algae, especially species with filamentous or polysiphonous construction. Gametophyte density ranged from a few to many hundreds of distinct individuals per host plant. Gametophytes formed extensive vegetative growths of irregularly branching filaments, mostly parallel to the host surface, consisting of up to 50 or more cells. Antheridia were formed at/or just above the surface of the host thallus. The stalked egg apparatus was perpendicular to the host surface. Following presumed fertilization, the zygotes developed with typical kelp embryology to form small epiphytic blades. The specific identity of the gametophytes is unknown, although the host plants were collected from three sites where the dominant kelp species were: a) Agarum fimbriatum, b) Nereocvstis luetkeana and c) Alar ia marginata, Costaria costata and Laminaria groenlandica.Article$://PREV200000015787'piGarbary, David J. ; Department of Biology, St. Francis Xavier University, Antigonish, NS, B2G 2W5, Canada Garbary, D. J. Kim, K. Y.. 2000>8Biogeography and ecology of the kelp/red algal symbiosisJournal of Phycology36 3 Supplement June, 2000BIOSIS:PREV20000042082560PDF; life history?; role in nearshore ecosystemsMeetinga$://PREV200000420825'lfGarbary, D. J. ; Department of Biology, St. Francis Xavier University, Antigonish, NS, B2G 2W5, Canada.(Gaylord, B. Denny, M. W. Koehl, M. A. R. 2003HAModulation of wave forces on kelp canopies by alongshore currents Limnology and Oceanography482860-871 MarLimnol. Oceanogr.ISI:000181758700024giant-kelp; southern-california; benthic organisms; nereocystis-luetkeana; macrocystis-pyrifera; swept algae; flow; size; consequences; disturbance; PDFD=The predominant view of the canopy-forming kelp's mechanical response to water motion is that they sway passively under waves such that they are only rarely stretched out in flow, which reduces relative fluid velocities and decreases the applied force. Such a view is an appropriate first-order approximation but becomes conceptually problematic in the face of the net surface velocities (Stokes drift) that arise under waves of all but infinitesimal height, since such flows can tug organisms into fully extended positions, allowing forces to act unabated. Focusing on Nereocystis luetkeana, the bull kelp, this study examines quantitatively the capacity of alongshore currents to mitigate the consequences of Stokes drift by maintaining canopy-forming macroalgae in "neutral" positions with regard to the onshore-offshore orbits of the waves. Results indicate that alongshore currents can indeed substantially reduce the forces imposed on canopy-forming kelps, as well as decrease the levels of wave damping that result from the interaction of these organisms with the passing fluid.TNTimes Cited: 3 Cited Reference Count: 44 English Article LIMNOL OCEANOGR 659CB$://000181758700024'<5Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Inst Marine Sci, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. Stanford Univ, Hopkins Marine Stn, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Integrat Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Gaylord, B, Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Inst Marine Sci, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. gaylord@lifesci.ucsb.edu Gordon, R. Brawley, S. H. 2004ZSEffects of water motion on propagule release from algae with complex life historiesMarine Biology 1451 21-29 Jul Mar. Biol.ISI:000222369500003successful external fertilization; time-integrated fertilization; sea-urchin; gamete release; laminariales phaeophyceae; nereocystis-luetkeana; reproductive-biology; natural-populations; ulvaceous algae; ulva-pertusa; PDF~wReproductive marine algae with complex life histories may respond differently to water motion depending upon whether the spore-producing or gamete-producing phase is considered. Two such species, the kelp Alaria esculenta (L.) Greville (Phaeophyceae) and Ulva lactuca L. (Chlorophyta), were examined experimentally in the laboratory. The kelp was collected in April-June 2000 and U. lactuca was collected in July-August 2000, from four intertidal habitats at Schoodic Point, Maine, USA. Orbital shakers were used to generate water motion. Sporophylls of A. esculenta released more zoospores under shaken versus calm conditions, whereas fewer antheridia on the microscopic male gametophytes released sperm under shaken versus calm conditions when male and female gametophytes were placed together. However, antheridial sperm release was equivalent when male gametophytes were exposed to undiluted media from dense cultures of mature female gametophytes under shaken versus calm conditions. These data suggest that water motion inhibited sperm release by diluting the sperm-releasing pheromone produced by ripe eggs below a threshold required to cause sperm release. Water motion stimulated both gamete and zoospore release from U. lactuca. This is the first report in an alga of stimulation of gamete release by increased water motion, but it is notable that parthenogenesis occurs in Ulva spp.; thus, gametes may develop into gametophytes (1 N) or parthenosporophytes (2 N). This study demonstrates that water motion has strong effects upon algal reproduction, but that the effects may vary between species, possibly due to their different life histories. NGTimes Cited: 1 Cited Reference Count: 55 English Article MAR BIOL 833VVi$://000222369500003 'Univ Maine, Sch Marine Sci, Orono, ME 04469 USA. Brawley, SH, Univ Maine, Sch Marine Sci, Orono, ME 04469 USA. Brawley@maine.eduTvKonar, B. Roberts, C.c 1996VOLarge scale landslide effects on two exposed rocky subtidal areas in CalifornialBotanica Marinao396517-524a Nov- Bot. MarinaISI:A1996VY78500002vpmacrocystis-pyrifera; kelp forest; giant-kelp; predation; islands; algae; PDF; population ecology; human impactsTwo large scale subtidal areas influenced by sediment plumes from landslides in California (Lone Tree and Big Sur) were surveyed and compared to similar areas without sediment plumes. In Lone Tree, the canopy forming kelp was Nereocystis luetkeana with abundant foliose red algae and areas with some understory brown algae. In Big Sur, Macrocystis pyrifera forests were most abundant, and the understory primarily consisted of corallines with some understory foliose red and brown algae. In Lone Tree, the species found in the impacted sites included Polyneura latissima, Nienburgia andersoniana, and Gymnogongrus platyphyllus, while Cryptopleura spp, and Gigartina spp. were most abundant in the unimpacted sites. In Big Sur, encrusting corallines were more common near the plume while the geniculate corallines were more abundant in the unimpacted sites. At both areas, brown algae were more abundant at the unimpacted sites.LFTimes Cited: 6 Cited Reference Count: 25 English Article BOT MAR VY785$://A1996VY78500002'6/MOSS LANDING MARINE LABS,MOSS LANDING,CA 95039. Kremer, B. P.e 1981@9C-14-Labeled Metabolism in Marine Brown Macrophytic Algae @9Zeitschrift Fur Naturforschung C-a Journal of Biosciencesi36 9-10840-847nZ.Naturforsch.(C)ISI:A1981ML75800024PDF; population ecologyMarine brown macroalgae including Macrocystis integrifolia, Nereocystis luetkeana, Lessoniopsis littoralis, Laminaria saccharina, Fucus serratus and some further representatives of the Laminariales and Fucales (Phaeophyta) were investigated with respect to their remarkably high potential for .beta.-carboxylation of phosphoenolpyruvate supplementing photosynthetic CO2 fixation. Kinetic tracer studies indicate that 14C-labeling of C4 acids such as aspartate and malate is not restricted to dark periods, but also occurs during photosynthesis. Rates of C fixation into C4 compounds are approximately equal in the light and in the dark. Distribution of 14C between C1 and C4 atoms of aspartate suggests C flow from early occurring photosynthates such as 3-phosphoglycerate to C4 compounds including aspartate and malate. In brown macroalgae dark C fixation via .beta.-carboxylation of phosphoenolpyruvate is therefore assumed to be quantitatively and qualitatively integrated into photosynthetic CO2 assimilation thus yielding appreciable 14C-labeling of C4 dicarboxylic acids. The underlying reactions and conversions are basically different from C4 photosynthesis and should preferably be termed as C4 metabolism. Address:VOTimes Cited: 12 Cited Reference Count: 28 English Article Z NATURFORSCH C ML758/$://A1981ML75800024N'XRKREMER, BP, UNIV COLOGNE,SEMINAR BIOL & IHRE DIDAKT,D-5000 COLOGNE 41,FED REP GER. Kuletz, K. J. Piatt, J. F. 1999D>Juvenile Marbled Murrelet nurseries and the productivity indexWilson Bulletin 1112257-261 Jun Wilson Bull.ISI:000080372700012alaska; abundance; PDFLate summer counts of juveniles at sea are used as an index of Marbled Murrelet (Brachyramphus marmoratus) reproductive success, but little is known about juvenile dispersal or habitat use. Further, it is not known whether these counts accurately reflect absolute breeding success. To address these questions we conducted five boat surveys for Marbled Murrelets and Pigeon Guillemots (Cepphus columba) in Kachemak Bay, Alaska between 7-24 August 1996. Juvenile murrelet distribution in the bay was patchy, and we identified a juvenile Marbled Murrelet 'nursery' area in the outer bay. Fifty-three of 61 juvenile murrelets were in this area, whereas after-hatch-year (AHY) murrelets were dispersed throughout the bay, as were juvenile and AHY Pigeon Guillemots. The murrelet nursery was characterized by water inside of or at the edge of a 20 m deep contour, semi-protected seas, productive waters, and a large bed of Nereocystis kelp. Juveniles comprised 16.1% of all murrelets and 24.8% of all guillemots observed at sea. These data suggest a maximum reproductive success of 0.32 chicks/pair if all AHY murrelets were breeding and 0.46 chicks/pair if only 70% of AHY murrelets were breeding. For guillemots, maximum productivity estimated from at-sea counts was 0.50 chicks/pair if all AHY were breeding and 0.71 chicks/pair if only 70% were breeding. The guillemot estimate was similar to that obtained by concurrent studies at nine guillemot colonies in the bay (0.56 chicks/pair). These results suggest that at sea surveys in late summer provide a reasonable index of local productivity for nearshore alcids. Further if murrelet nursery areas can be found, at sea counts may provide a valid measure of absolute productivity.PJTimes Cited: 5 Cited Reference Count: 17 English Article WILSON BULL 197PB$://000080372700012'US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. USGS, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. Kuletz, KJ, US Fish & Wildlife Serv, 1011 E Tudor Rd, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA."Lane, C. E. Saunders, G. W.P 2005Molecular investigation reveals epi/endophytic extrageneric kelp (Laminariales, Phaeophyceae) gametophytes colonizing Lessoniopsis littoralis thalliBotanica Marina48 5-6426-436 Dec Bot. MarinaISI:000233965500013gametophyte; kelp; Laminariales; Lessoniopsis littoralis; mitochondria; nad6 intergeneric hybridization; lessoniaceae phaeophyceae; macrocystis phaeophyta; mitochondrial genome; red algae; hybrids; organisms; phylogeny; sequences; culture; PDF^WA recent molecular investigation of kelp systematics revealed mitochondrial sequences that gave phylogenies inconsistent with those based on nuclear and chloroplast sequences for the species Lessoniopsis littoralis. Sequence from the mitochondrial nad6 region placed L. littoralis in the middle of a clade of Alaria species in our trees, whereas Rubisco and nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences resolved L. littoralis within the Alariaceae, but distinct from Alaria. To resolve these conflicting results, the nad6 region was sequenced from additional samples of L. littoralis. The resulting data variously placed L. littoralis with Macrocystis integrifolia, Nereocystis luetkeana, and an additional Alaria isolate. A series of hypotheses were devised and explored to effectively exclude introgression via hybridization as a viable explanation for our observations. Rather, molecular and microscopy data revealed that gametophytes of Alaria, Macrocystis and Nereocystis epi/endophytically, colonize the older portions of the thallus of L. littoralis. A substantial primer mismatch, unique to L. littoralis, was uncovered subsequently explaining why nad6 sequences from only Alaria, Macrocystis and Nereocystis were amplified from L. littoralis sporophyte samples, although the DNA from the gametophytes likely represented only a small percentage of the total DNA extracted.LFTimes Cited: 0 Cited Reference Count: 39 English Article BOT MAR 993PF$://000233965500013'Univ New Brunswick, Ctr Environm & Mol Algal Res, Fredericton, NB E3B 6E1, Canada. Lane, CE, Dalhousie Univ, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, 5850 Coll St, Halifax, NS B3H 1X5, Canada. c.lane@dal.ca z L.Foreman, R. E. 1977|uEcological-Studies of Nereocystis-Luetkeana .1. Population-Dynamics and Life-Cycle Strategy in Different EnvironmentsKJournal of Phycology13 78-78 J. Phycol.ISI:A1977DM21700451PDF; population ecology^^XTimes Cited: 0 Cited Reference Count: 0 English Meeting Abstract J PHYCOL Suppl. S DM217$://A1977DM21700451'NHUNIV BRITISH COLUMBIA,DEPT BOT,VANCOUVER V6T 1W5,BRITISH COLUMBI,CANADA.Foreman, R. E. 1977rlBenthic Community Modification and Recovery Following Intensive Grazing by Strongylocentrotus-Droebachiensis82Helgolander Wissenschaftliche Meeresuntersuchungen30 1-4468-484ISI:A1977DW19700036[ PDF$IntensiveStrongylocentrotus droebachiensis grazing of a previously sampled one-hectare plot provided an opportunity for quantitatively investigating grazing impact on the benthic macrophyte community and community recovery. The changes induced by grazing are compared with changes in a similar plot located nearby which was not grazed. A total of 154 quantitative 0.25 m2 quadrats were collected in mid-summer, from the two sites, over a 4-year period. The results presented indicate thatS. droebachiensis populations in the Strait of Georgia undergo periodic, environmentally controlled, outbreaks and that these outbreaks are responsible for localized perturbation of the benthic macrophyte community. Short-term grazing, where the urchins do not remain in the area, result in a 60 percent reduction in most community parameters measured. The community requires 2 or 3 years to regain or exceed pre-grazing biomass levels while other parameters had not recovered after 3 years. An estimated 46 year period is required to achieve ldquoecological climaxrdquo (Fishelson, 1977) and ldquospecies enrichmentrdquo follows. The largest macrophyte in the Strait of Georgia, the kelpNereocystis luetkeana, is a successional species whose abundance is controlled, in part, by the successional status of the community.d]Times Cited: 71 Cited Reference Count: 21 English Article HELGOLANDER WISS MEERESUNTERS DW197$://A1977DW19700036'B;UNIV BRITISH COLUMBIA,DEPT BOT,VANCOUVER V6T 1W5,BC,CANADA.Foreman, R. E. 1984@9Studies on Nereocystis Growth in British-Columbia, Canadat Hydrobiologia 116 SEP325-332 HydrobiologiaISI:A1984TS97600065 PDFRLTimes Cited: 5 Cited Reference Count: 19 English Article HYDROBIOLOGIA TS976$://A1984TS97600065W'B://PREV198324045402& Foster, M. S. Vanblaricom, G. R. 2001f_Spatial variation in kelp forest communities along the Big Sur coast of central California, USACryptogamie Algologie`222173-186Apr-JunCryptogam. Algol.ISI:000169447300002central California; community structure; giant kelp forests; Macrocystis pyrifera; spatial variation new-zealand; giant-kelp; recruitment; algae; assemblages; patterns; dynamics; growth; PDFleGiant kelp [Macrocystis pyrifera (Linnaeus) C. Agardh] forests are commonly called a community, but their composition varies among sites and depths. While numerous studies mention this variation and it is the descriptive basis for general models of kelp community structure, it has rarely been quantitatively assessed. We described kelp forest structure among four depths (6, 9, 12, and 15 m) at nine sites along 80 km of the relatively pristine Big Sur coast of California. Density and cover of common organisms were assessed in replicate quadrats at each depth in each site. Macrocystis pyrifera formed a surface canopy at eight sites, and bull kelp, Nereocystis luetkeana (Mertens) Postels & Ruprecht, at one site. The understory kelps Pterygophora californica Ruprecht and Laminaria setchellii P.C. Silva and the bat star Asterina miniata Brandt were the most abundant organisms counted as individuals. Geniculate and nongeniculate coralline algae and encrusting invertebrates had the highest cover. Abundances of giant kelp and the two understory kelps, and sessile invertebrates were significantly different among sites, and differences in sessile invertebrate abundance suggest two general 'types' of kelp forests in the region; one with abundant understory kelps and coralline algae and the other with an understory dominated by sessile invertebrates. Among the eight abundant taxa only the abundance of the two types of coralline algae varied significantly among depths when all sites were combined. Cluster analyses indicated two depth zones within these forests. (C) 2001 Adac/Editions scientifiques et medicales Elsevier SAS.ARLTimes Cited: 7 Cited Reference Count: 49 English Article CRYPTOG ALGOL 445FK$://000169447300002'Moss Landing Marine Labs, Moss Landing, CA 95039 USA. Foster, MS, Moss Landing Marine Labs, 8272 Moss Landing Rd, Moss Landing, CA 95039 USA.81Garbary, D. J. Kim, K. Y. Klinger, T. Duggins, D. 1999:3Red algae as hosts for endophytic kelp gametophytesMarine Biology 1351 35-40 Oct Mar. Biol.ISI:000083306400004macrocystis-pyrifera; recruitment; dispersal; reproduction; phaeophyceae; laminaria; ecology; desmarestiales; gametogenesis; environments; PDFVOWe observed kelp gametophytes endophytic in the cell walls of 17 species of red algae from the San Juan Islands, Washington, USA. Host algae were collected primarily from three sites dominated by different kelp assemblages, including (1) a subtidal site dominated by Agarum fimbriatum Harvey, (2) a second subtidal site dominated by Nereocystis luetkeana (Mertens) Postels et Ruprecht, and (3) a floating dock on which the dominant kelp species were Alaria marginata Postels et Ruprecht, Laminaria groenlandica Rosenvinge, and Costaria costata (C. Agardh) Saunders. Most hosts were filamentous [e.g. Pleonosporium vancouverianum (J. Agardh) J. Agardh, Callithamnion acutum Kylin], or polysiphonous [e.g. Polysiphonia paniculata Montagne, Pterosiphonia dendroidea (Montagne) Falkenberg]; however, similar endophytes were also observed in membranous or bladed red algae [e.g. Membranoptera platyphylla (Setchell et Gardner) Kylin, Polyneura latissima (Harvey) Kylin]. Dozens to hundreds of separate kelp gametophytes were associated with single host thalli. In many cases, the gametophytes developed conspicuous oogonia raised above the thallus surface on characteristic stalks. Presumed zygotes developed through typical embryonic stages into juvenile sporophytes. We argue that the endophytic habit plays an important role in the biology of kelp gametophytes.NGTimes Cited: 4 Cited Reference Count: 40 English Article MAR BIOL 248ZJ$://000083306400004':4St Francis Xavier Univ, Dept Biol, Antigonish, NS B2G 2W5, Canada. Chonnam Natl Univ, Inst Marine Sci, Fac Earth Syst & Environm Sci, Kwangju 500757, South Korea. Univ Washington, Friday Harbor Labs, Friday Harbor, WA 98250 USA. Garbary, DJ, St Francis Xavier Univ, Dept Biol, Antigonish, NS B2G 2W5, Canada.